CHAPTER XXII. 



THE ADRENALS OR SUPRARENAL CAPSULES. 

 BY C. J. EBERTH. 



IN Fishes the adrenals lie on the anterior or posterior sur- 

 face of the kidneys, in the form of small paired or multiple 

 bodies, varying in size from that of a pin's head to that of a 

 bean. 



In the Batrchia, both in the anourous and urodelous genera, 

 the adrenals form small yellowish granules, lying upon the 

 anterior surface of the kidneys and upon the vense renales 

 revehentes. 



In the Saurians the adrenals appear as yellowish bodies, 

 situated upon the renal veins near their opening into the 

 inferior vena cava. In the Ophidia they are found on the 

 inner surface of the sexual glands, lying upon the same veins. 

 In the Chelonia they occupy the same position as in 

 Batrachia ; and those of Birds lie at the upper border of the 

 kidneys, immediately upon the vena cava. 



PARENCHYMA. The adrenals consist of two kinds of cellular 

 masses, composing respectively the cortical and medullary 

 substance. This terminology is sufficiently accurate for the 

 various classes of Mammalia, since the same relations generally 

 obtain ; but it cannot be adopted for the other Vertebrata, 

 because the two substances are not here distinctly separated 

 into an inner and an outer portion, the cortical portion 

 penetrating into the interior, and the medullary substance 

 appearing at the surface. 



The adrenals of the Fish (eel) are composed of rounded 



