THE SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM OF NERVES. 553 



cells (Remak and Bidder ; see also chapter vii. of this 

 manual), as do also the vessels (Beale, Lehmann), and the 

 sympathetic glands (Schaffner). Luschka has described 

 ganglion cells in the coccygeal gland, which, according to the 

 most recent investigations, must be regarded as an appendage 

 of the vascular system ; this statement, however, has not been 

 corroborated by other observers. In the digestive tract, 

 ganglion cells have been .found by Remak and Meissner, in 

 the submucous layer throughout its whole length, from the 

 pharynx downwards, and in the muscular layer by Auerbach ; 

 very recently Triitschel has described a layer of large multi- 

 polar cells lying upon the muscularis mucosa of the mucous 

 membrane of the stomach. These cells are of a nervous nature, 

 and are connected together by processes. Ganglion cells have 

 been found in large numbers by Krause and Schliiter in the 

 salivary glands (oral glands and pancreas) associated with the 

 digestive apparatus. Ganglion cells have also been described 

 by Manz in the excretory ducts of the liver and pancreas. 



In the respiratory apparatus, nerve corpuscles have been 

 discovered in the lungs, and in the tissues of the larynx 

 and trachea. The urino-genital apparatus contains ganglion 

 cells distributed through the bladder and ureters, the testes 

 (Letzerich), the prostate and erectile tissue of the penis 

 (Loven), the vas deferens, vagina, and uterus. Ganglion cells 

 have also been found in some of the so-called ductless glands, 

 as in the adrenals, and recently by Fleischel in an organ which 

 he considers to be the thymus of the Frog. Similar cells have 

 been found by H. Miiller, in the lachrymal glands connected 

 with the eye, and in the ciliary muscle. In the iris of the 

 Fowl, which consists of striated muscular tissue, v. Hiitten- 

 brenner has observed cells which he is inclined to consider 

 nerve cells. More detailed accounts of the peripheric ganglion 

 cells distributed through the several organs mentioned above, 

 may be found under their special headings. 



