CONTROVERTED POINTS; HISTORICAL NOTICES. 191 



(describing the membrana Reissneri, ductus cochlearis) ; by Hensen 

 (27), (who described the canalis reuniens, the caecal origin and ter- 

 mination of the ductus cochlearis, the cell clusters in the sulcus 

 spiralis internus, and many other points) ; and by Kolliker (30 

 34), in his embryological researches, in which he demonstrated 

 the development of the organ of Corti from epithelial cells, and gave 

 an account of the lamina reticularis (which he discovered simulta- 

 neously with Max Schultze), of the secondary formation of the scalae, 

 and the passage of the nerves through the spaces of the habenula 

 perforata. Max Schultze (50) also made important statements 

 in regard to the spiral fibres, the granule cell layer, the basal pro- 

 cesses of the external hair cells, and the prolongation of the audi- 

 tory fibres in the form of non-medullated primitive fibrils into the 

 organ of Corti, etc. Deiters (12 15) furnished valuable information 

 upon the internal hair cells, and gave the first exact description of 

 the external hair cells, and of the lamina reticularis, as well as many 

 details respecting almost all parts of the cochlea, the accuracy of 

 which is demonstrated by every good preparation. The account 

 given by Deiters is unquestionably the standard by which all recent 

 investigation into the cochlea must be measured. We are indebted 

 to Reichert (45) for a description of other special points, as the cascal 

 sac of the vestibule, and for excellent morphological descriptions of 

 the cochlea, and in particular of the ductus cochlearis ; whilst 

 Bottcher (1 4) has pointed out the dissimilarity in point of numbers 

 between the internal and external pillars, which he described with 

 extraordinary precision, as well as their arched form, both of which 

 he gave coincidently in point of time with Claudius. Bottcher 

 moreover appears to have been the first to see the granule cells in 

 the sulcus spiralis, though he gave no precise description of them. 

 Claudius published the first histological statements in regard to the 

 cochlea of the Bird. I beg to refer the reader to the text for the 

 recent statements of Henle (26), Middendorp (40), Lowenberg (39), 

 Kolliker (30), and Rosenberg (49). 



Our knowledge of the comparative histology of the cochlea rests, 

 apart from the scattered observations of Leydig (36), (in which, 

 however, may be found the first notice of hair cells,) chiefly, and 

 indeed at present almost exclusively, upon the fundamental works of 

 Deiters (14, 15) and Hasse (18 25), which essentially completed 

 the older descriptions of Windischmann and others. We must here 

 also mention the comparative anatomical investigations of Hyrtl (29), 

 and of Claudius (79). 



In regard to the development of the cochlea, I would call attention to 



