CATTLE. 177 



Long stuff is a necessity ; it is no use to give the most 

 nourishing food unless there is also bulk, as the animal cannot 

 get his cud or digest without a certain amount of distension. 



Frosted roots should not be given, neither whole ones, but 

 it is safer to give them whole than halved or not properly sliced 

 into such portions that they cannot be a cause of choking. 



Drainage. — Surface drainage is the best. x\ll the refuse 

 can be seen and the dung removed from it before it has time to 

 undergo chemical changes. The liquid portion of the manure 

 is most valuable and should be received into a well outside, 

 provided w^ith a chain pump. 



Warmth. — The colder the weather the greater expenditure 

 of food there will be in keeping up the animal heat, the tempera- 

 ture of a bullock being always the same, w^hether in winter or 

 summer. The apparent difference is only on the surface. 

 Animals kept in a cold draughty shed will require more food 

 to produce the same results than those do which are confined in 

 a warm stable. A knowledge of this fact induces many dairy- 

 men to go to the other extreme and keep the stable too hot by 

 overcrowding. 



Shelter. — Pastures where there are no trees are, in summer, 

 very trying to cattle who can get no respite from the flies, nor a 

 comfortable situation in which to lie down and chew the cud. 

 Some sort of a rough shanty should be put up for their protection 

 from the summer's sun and winter's w^ind, unless they are got 

 in during the day when the weather is unsuitable. 



Cattle have a marvellous, capacity for accommodating 

 themselves to circumstances and become able to bear all sorts 

 of neglect and ill-usage, but they do not give the same return, 

 and a good farmer will provide his cattle with all the comfort 

 he can. 



Driving. — The morning is the best time for animals to 

 travel by road, and they should neither be heavy with a big 



