20 t ANATOMY. 



i, the ischium,, is, and the pubes, p. They are tied firmly together in 

 front, and form, with the intervening sacrum behind, a strong hoop-like 

 base to the trunk, named the pelvis, which means a basin. 



Of the limbs, the upper one, on each side is connected to the com- 

 paratively movable scapula, whilst the lower lirnb is attached to the fixed 

 hip-bone of its own side. The bones of the limbs obviously corre- 

 spond with those natural subdivisions of arm, fore-arm, wrist, and hand, 

 and thigh, leg, ankle, and foot. The arm-bone is called the humerus. 

 Of the two bones of the fore-arm, the outer one, in a line with the 

 thumb, is called the radius or spoke-bone, and the inner one, in a line 

 with the little finger, the ulna or elbow-bone, or the cubit, this meas- 

 ure being taken from the distance between the point of the elbow and 

 the tip of the middle finger. The bones of the wrist or carpus (from 

 carpo, I pluck), eight in number, are called the carpal bones ; they are 

 in two rows, viz., the scaphoid, semilunar, cuboid, and pisiform, and 

 the trapezium, trapezoid, os magnum, and unciform bone. Next to 

 these, are five small long bones, called the metacarpal bones (i-i-sra^ 

 meta, signifying with) which form the base of the thumb, and the broad 

 part of the hand ; and lastly, to these, succeed fourteen little bones, 

 two for the thumb, and three for each finger, named the phalanges (from 

 phalanx, a row), of the fingers. In the lower limb, the thigh-bone is 

 called the femur. The inner and larger of the two leg-bones, is named 

 the tibia or shin-bone, and the outer slender one, the fibula or splint- 

 bone ; the term tibia is taken from the resemblance of the bone to an 

 ancient shepherd's pipe, and fibula means. a clasp or brace. Succeed- 

 ing to these bones, are seven short ones, named the tarsal bones, from 

 tarsus, the ankle ; the one which is next to the leg-bone, is named the 

 astragalus ; the large one below this, which projects to form the heel 

 or calcaneum, is named the os calcis, or bone of the heel ; in front 

 of these, are the cuboid bone, on the outer side, and the scaphoid, with 

 the three cuneiform bones, on the inner side. In front of these are, 

 as in the hand, five bones, one for each toe, called the metatarsal bones; 

 and finally to these are attached the fourteen phalanges of the toes, of 

 which two only belong to the great toe (as in the thumb), and three to 

 each of the other toes. There is an extra bone in the lower limb, in 

 front of the knee-joint, called the patella or knee-pan; this, however, 

 belongs properly to the muscular system, as we shall hereafter see. 

 The same may be said of some little rounded bones, found in connec- 

 tion with certain muscles of the thumb and great toe, called sesamoid 

 bones, from sesame, a grain of (Indian) corn. At the root of the 

 tongue is the hyoid bone. 



Whilst contained within the body, all the bones are of course moist ; 

 they are also pinkish white, and they are covered with a tough semi- 

 transparent closely adherent membrane, called the periosteum. The 

 surfaces of the bones are hard and compact ; they are marked in places 

 with little holes or pores, which lead into the interior of the bones, 

 where we find, not a solid, but an open spongy-looking or cancellated 

 structure, the spaces or cells of which are occupied chiefly by a soft 

 fatty tissue, called the medulla or marrow. 



On looking generally at the bones, it will be seen that to suit vari- 



