THE CAVITY OF THE ABDOMEN. 



35 



Fig. 14, Jc, is placed rather higher than the other : from the inner bor- 

 der of each kidney descends a slender tube u, called the ureter, which 



Fig. 15. 



Fig. 15. The cavities of the thorax and abdomen, partly emptied of their contents. From the thorax 

 the lungs and their pleurae, and the heart and pericardium, with most of the great bloodvessels, are taken 

 away : there remain, the aorta or great artery of the body, a; the trachea or windpipe, branching below 

 into the bronchi or air-tubes for the lungs, and ascending into the neck, t, where it is surmounted by the 

 larynx; and lastly, the oesophagus or gullet, o. which is continuous in the neck with the pharynx, p, and 

 in the abdomen, after passing through the arched diaphragm, and behind the liver, as shown by the dotted 

 lines, with the stomach, s. From the abdomen nearly all of the small intestine has been removed. There 

 is seen the dilated bag of the stomach, s, which receives the tubular oesophagus above, and opens below 

 into the upper part of the small intestine named the duodenum, d; from this point to the short piece of 

 the lower part of the small intestine named the ileum, marked i, the intestine is taken away. The 

 commencement of the large intestine, called the coecum, c, with its little appendix, is lodged above the 

 right groin. Then follows the ascending, transverse, and descending colon, co, co, co ; next the eigmoid 

 flexure of the colon,/, and lastly the terminal part of the alimentary canal, named the rectum, r. In 

 the middle line is seen the abdominal aorta, and its terminal branches. The two lobes of the liver are 

 marked I V; between them is part of its broad ligament : g, is the gall-bladder ; m, the spleen. (^4 Plan.) 



descends into the pelvic cavity, and there opens into the bladder: at 

 the top of each kidney is the supra-renal body. In front of the blood- 

 vessels and kidneys are found the essential organs of digestion, which 

 indeed occupy nearly the whole abdomen. These consist, first, of the 

 long membranous tube, constituting the abdominal portion of the ali- 

 mentary canal, and, secondly, of certain accessory organs c&\\ed glands . 

 When the anterior part of the walls of the abdomen is cut away, as 

 in Fig. 13, there is seen a small portion only of the large, dark red, 

 firm glandular organ, called the liver, a, with the end of its little at- 

 tached bag, named the gall-bladder, projecting from a notch in its 



