

PHRENOLOGY AND CRANIOLOGY. 291 



attention, perception, ideation, or the formation of ideas, probably also 

 in emotion, and certainly in the operations of memory, reason, judg- 

 ment and will. The hemispheres proper, appear, indeed, to be sup- 

 plementary organs, superadded to the great nervous sensorimotor 

 axis, not essential to it or to life, but acted upon by, and reacting 

 through it. Their anatomical connections entirely favor this view. 



The chief facts, in support of the opinion, that the brain is the cor- 

 poreal organ, through which mental manifestations occur, are these: 

 first, concussion, from severe blows, suspends all consciousness, and, 

 with it, the higher mental operations ; pressure, whether produced by 

 a depressed portion of the cranium, by effusion of blood into its inte- 

 rior, or by effusions of a serous character, equally interferes with these 

 functions ; the effects of pressure have even been made evident in the 

 case of persons whose heads have been trephined, by the temporary ap- 

 plication of the finger to the exposed membranes of the brain ; more- 

 over, inflammation of the membranes covering the surface of the 

 hemispheres, or of their cortical substance, usually causes delirium ; 

 in fatal cases of acute mania, the cortical substance is generally dark 

 red ; lastly, chronic destructive diseases of certain parts of the cere- 

 bral hemispheres, have been shown to be accompanied by impairment 

 or loss of the mental faculties. Secondly, the relative size of the cere- 

 bral hemispheres, or, more accurately speaking, the relative quantity 

 of the gray matter in them, presents a certain general correspondence 

 with the mental endowments of the individual, the variety, and the 

 species; of this, we shall give evidence in speaking of the brains of 

 animals. The relative development of the several parts or lobes of 

 the cerebrum, must here, however, be taken into account, and so like- 

 wise must the temperament of the individual, whether this be slow or 

 quick. Thirdly, in cases of imbecility or absolute idiocy, the cerebral 

 hemispheres exhibit the most remarkable defect in development of any 

 part of the encephalon, although, as has been recently shown by my- 

 self, the corpora striata and optic thalami are involved in this defici- 

 ency, and even the cerebellum is also somewhat affected. Lastly, in 

 no other part of the body, and in no other organ, is there such a cor- 

 responding development or deficiency, in proportion to the mental 

 power, in both different men and in different animals, as in the hemi- 

 spheres of the cerebrum. 



Attempts were made, long before the more systematic teachings of 

 phrenology, to locate certain faculties of the mind, in certain portions 

 of the cerebrum. Thus, the intellect was supposed to be placed in the 

 anterior region, the emotions or sentiments in the middle, and the in- 

 stinctive feelings in the posterior part. By some, the memory also 

 was located in the hinder part of the brain. The phrenologist teaches, 

 probably correctly, that memory is exercised through every portion of 

 the cerebral hemispheres ; whilst he locates one powerful instinct, 

 philoprogenitiveness, in the cerebellum ; the lower propensities of ani- 

 mal nature, at the base and back part of the cerebrum ; the sentiments, 

 in the upper and middle part ; the observing faculties, with the facul- 

 ties of language and music, in the lower part and sides of the frontal 

 region ; and the so-called purely intellectual faculties of comparison 



