166 GENERAL THERAPEUTICS FOR VETERINARIANS 



4. Seat-worms: oxyuris curvula, vivapara and mastigodes in 

 horses; oxyuris vermicularis in the dog. 



5. Spiroptera sanguinalenta in the stomach of the dog. 

 Another entozoon of the digestive apparatus is the gastrus 



larva, which is found in the stomach of the horse and which is 

 resistant to most of the worm medicines. The entoparasites of the 

 respiratory apparatus which are at least partially accessible to 

 treatment include: oestrus ovis in the nasal cavities and nasal 

 sinuses of sheep; strongylus filaria in sheep (lung-worm disease), 

 strongylus micrurus in calves, strongylus paradoxus in swine; pen- 

 tastomum tsenioides in the nasal cavities of the dog; syngamus 

 trachealis in fowl. In addition to these, vegetable parasites 

 (moulds, actinomyces) also occur in the air passages. 



Action of Worm Remedies. — The anthelmintics are generally 

 regarded as specific nerve poisons which kill the entozoa imme- 

 diately or which temporarily stupefy and paralyze them, in conse- 

 quence of which they become detached from the intestinal mucous 

 membrane and are in part expelled and in part digested. Accord- 

 ing to their chemical properties, anthelmintics may be classified as 

 ethereal oils (turpentine oil, oleoresin of aspidium, oleum tanaceti) ; 

 alkaloids (areca nut, pomegranate bark) ; glucositic acids (santonin, 

 mallotoxin, kosin, filicic acid) ; benzol derivatives (creolin, tar, creo- 

 sote, picric acid, naphthalin, benzine) and metals (arsenic, tartar 

 emetic, copper oxide). For therapeutic purposes, it is most desir- 

 able to classify the anthelmintics according to the species of worms 

 against which they are used, as follows : 



Tapeworm Remedies: kamala, aspidium, oleoresin of aspid- 

 ium, areca nut, kousso, pomegranate bark, copper oxide, potas- 

 sium picrate. 



Roimd-worm Remedies: tartar emetic, arsenic, santonin, 

 santonica, turpentine oil. 



Remedies against Lung Worms: turpentme oil, creolin, tar. 



Remedies against Oxyuri: garlic, vinegar, soap, [quassia]. 



Remedies against Gastrus Larvae [Bots] : bisulphide of carbon. 



Against strongylus armatus and tetracanthus, also dochmius, 

 spiroptera, and other intestinal worms in the horse, one of the 



