VACCINATION. IMMUNIZATION. INOCULATION 239 



is kept too long. Then again, the same vaccine will not answer for all sheep, 

 since the different breeds differ in their susceptibiHty to the same vaccine. 

 Finally, the cost of vaccination, which is not inconsiderable, must also be 

 taken into account. According to the favorable results obtained in France 

 and Hungary, the vaccination of sheep can only be recommended in an experi- 

 mental way when a good vaccine is available in regions in which the disease 

 is stationary and is attended with regular and considerable losses (at least 

 over 2 per cent.). 



For cattle, the Pasteur protective vaccination has a certain value only 

 in badly infected anthrax districts. It is not suitable for use in other sections 

 on account of the uncertainty and short duration of the immunity, the losses 

 resulting and the agricultural disadvantages (illness of vaccinated animals), 

 but especially because of the great danger of the infection of non-vaccinated 

 animals and man. The second vaccine contains strongly virulent bacilH. 

 Horses bear the vaccination very badly. 



2. Photective Vaccination Accgedinq to Sobernheim. — The method 

 of Sobernheim consists of the inoculation of serum followed by the injection of 

 anthrax cultures (simultaneous vaccination); horses and cattle receive on 

 one side of the body 5 c.c. and sheep 4 c.c. of immune serum and five minutes 

 later upon the other side 0.5 c.c. and 0.25 c.c. respectively of an attenuated 

 anthrax bouillon culture of the virulence of the Pasteur second vaccine. In 

 1904, 75,000 cattle were vaccinated in the Argentine Republic with a loss of 

 only 1 in 1000; up to this time the results in Prussia have been less favorable. 

 On the other hand, curative vaccination with the serum in so far as it 

 has been tested has given very favorable results, corresponding with the 

 results from the earUer intravenous and subcutaneous injection of immime 

 serum. 



Lung Plague. — The oldest and most important method of vaccination is 

 that of Willems (1851). The material for inoculation is obtained from an 

 animal in the first stages of the disease. The animal is slaughtered and the 

 diseased areas are removed from the fresh lungs. This diseased tissue is 

 subjected to gentle pressure to express the lymph, which is allowed to coagulate 

 and is then filtered through clean linen. The inoculation is made on the dorsal 

 surface of the tail 8 to 10 cm. from the tip, the injection being made into the 

 subcutaneous tissue in one or two places 1 to 2 cm. apart, after chpping the 

 hair. The lymph must be clear, of a wine-yellow color, and must not be taken 

 from necrotic lung areas, but only from places which are in the stage of hepatiza- 

 tion. On the average, the vaccination is effective in 75 to 90 per cent, of the 

 cases. After 1 to 4 weeks there appears at the point of inoculation an inflam- 

 matory swelling which is not larger than a hen's egg when the course is normal; 

 in addition, a mild fever and a shght increane in the respiration is observed. 



