240 GENERAL THERAPEUTICS FOR VETERINARIANS 



If the lymph is not entirely pure, there is an extensive swelhng of the whole 

 tail with necrosis of the tip, accompanied by very high fever and symptoms 

 of septicaemia and pyaemia. The same effects are produced when the inocula- 

 tion is made into the dewlap or at the root of the tail, for which reason these 

 places are to be avoided. When the tail becomes highly inflamed, an unfav- 

 orable termination must be combated by free incisions into the swelling, 

 antiseptic treatment, and, finally, by amputation of the necrosed end. The 

 deaths always average from 1 to 3 per cent., while 5 to 15 per cent, lose the 

 end of the tail. Sometimes, after 6 to 8 weeks, a second inoculation is made 

 above the point of the first injection. 



According to Nocard, cultures of the microorganism of lung plague are 

 better suited for inoculation than the lymph; it is more certain and milder. 

 The vaccine, an 8-day bouillon culture, is injected subcutaneously at the tip 

 of the tail in doses of 0.15 to 0.5 c.c; the immunity should continue 2 years. 



In addition to the caudal vaccination, intravenous vaccination was under- 

 taken by Thiernesse, Defays, Bouley, Degive, Sanderson and others, 2 c.c. 

 of the lymph being injected directly into the jugular. The results were very 

 good and more certain than those from caudal vaccination; in one case inflam- 

 mation of the lungs, with marmoration, was produced. The vaccination with 

 secondary calf lymph according to Pasteur has not proven satisfactory. 



With regard to the value of vaccination, there is no agreement. The 

 advocates of vaccination base their claims upon the well-known fact that 

 after recovering from an attack of the disease cattle are immune for life. 

 Vaccination sets up a specific local inflammatory process exactly similar to 

 that which takes place in the lungs in lung plague and generates an immunity 

 of the entire body. In addition, vaccination shortens the course of the plague 

 in a stable. The losses after caudal vaccination are declared to be entirely 

 inconsiderable. Haubner calculates that 1 to 2 per cent, die, while 5 to 10 

 per cent, lose the end of the tail. In Holland, where 60,000 cattle were vacci- 

 nated in 1878-79, the mortality amounted to 0»66 per cent. The favorable 

 results obtained in the Spoling district of Holland, in the province of Saxony, 

 in the duchy of Anhalt and in Australia are presented as proof of the value of 

 vaccination. To these are added the positive results obtained by Schiitz and 

 Steffen. A further extension of the disease through vaccination is denied. 

 Moreover, compared with the great pecuniary losses attending the slaughter 

 method of controlhng the disease, vaccination is by far the cheapest; while 

 the value of sanitary laws, however stringent, is disputed. The following 

 statistics are presented : Degive computed the results of vaccination in several 

 countries from 1850 to 1883 and found that of 6705 vaccinated animals only 

 2.7 per cent, contracted the disease, and that of 2453 non-vaccinated animals 

 26.9 per cent, became infected, although both classes of animals were similarly 



