VACCINATION. IMMUNIZATION. INOCULATION 251 



are made with animal vaccine. The animal lymph is obtained in the following 

 manner: Healthy calves (especially steer calves) one-fourth to one-half 

 year old, which have passed the tubercuHn test, are inoculated with human 

 vaccine in special vaccine institutions (100 to 200 punctures or crucial inci- 

 sions upon the shaved and cleaned skin of the abdomen). On the fifth day the 

 Ijrmph is collected from the pox which have developed with special instru- 

 ments (clamp forceps, capillary tubes, lancets, spatulae, glass plates) and 

 conserved (exclusion of air in glass tubes, glycerin, thymol, saUcyUc acid, 

 drying). The principal advantage of animal over human lymph is the certain 

 avoidance of the transmission of disease from the vaccinated children to those 

 subsequently vaccinated (syphilis, tuberculosis, acute exanthemas). The 

 immunity established by vaccination continues for about ten years; after 

 this time a re-vaccination is necessary. 



Tuberculosis. — For the protective vaccination of cattle against tuber- 

 culosis von Behring, in 1902, recommended the intravenous injection of Uving 

 human tubercle bacilli into calves 3 to 6 weeks old (Jennerization, Bovovac- 

 cine). First, 0.004 gram of tubercle bacilli suspended in 4 grams of water is 

 injected into the jugular vein, and later 25 times the quantity of tubercle 

 baciUi, 0.01 gram, suspended in 4 grams of water, is injected. [In 1902, 

 Pearson and Gilliland pubUshed a report of their experiments in which they 

 had demonstrated that it was possible to immunize cattle against tuberculosis 

 (Phila. Med. Journal, Nov. 2, 1902). These experiments were begun Sep- 

 tember 29, 1900. They used living tubercle baciUi of the human type, 

 injecting 0.004 of dried, tubercle bacilH suspended in salt solution intrave- 

 nously and four weeks later twice this quantity.] A similar method of vaccina- 

 tion was recommended by Koch and Schiitz (Tauruman), who claimed that 

 a single intravenous injection of 0.01 to 0.03 gram of tubercle bacilli from 

 human sources or of attenuated bacilli from cattle would immunize cattle 

 against highly-virulent tubercle bacilli of bovine origin. These methods of 

 protective vaccination have not proven of practical value because only a 

 temporary immunity is established. The use of vaccine material containing 

 virulent tubercle bacilU is also attended with several disadvantages: the 

 infection of the vaccinated calves with tuberculosis, the infectiousness of the 

 meat and milk of the vaccinated animals for man (excretion of virulent tubercle 

 bacilli in the milk), the danger of the vaccination to the veterinarian, the 

 transformation of chronic calf pneumonia into the acute form, and other 

 dangerous vaccination accidents (embolic pneumonia, apoplectic death, 

 severe febrile disease, emaciation, etc.). Antiphymatol and tuberculosan 

 have proven equally inefficient. 



Strangles. — The serum treatment of strangles (protective vaccination, 

 curative vaccination) has not proven reUable in Germany. Experience with 



