XhVEss.u:}' AiJ> ix .\i'I:m.\l j'.t/rnj:/TJ'>.\. -j.;? 



will not take to its Calf this is geiu'ially transferred to another Cow, 

 or it may be artitjcially reared. The Foal may even be reared in this 

 manner, thou^'h not so easily as the Calf. The milk of the Cow or 

 Goat will sulfice, and there is generally little dilliculty in teaching it 

 to drink it by at lirst pouring a little into its mouth while the finger 

 is inserted therein ; or a piece of cloth steeped in milk, or even a bottle 

 and tube, may be used. 



Calves are often harshly treated after birth ; they are not allowed 

 to suck, even for a number of days, for fear of damaging the Cow, but 

 are kept apart and fed on drawn milk. Calves intended for slaughter 

 may be artificially fed, and especially if nutritive substances are added 

 to the milk ; but for those intended to be reared, it is a mistake to 

 separate them from the Cow during the early days of their existence. 



Lambs, when able to stand, and if they do not readily find their 

 way to the teat, should have a little milk from it pressed into their 

 mouth. With twin Lambs, if the Ewe is in good condition, the udder 

 well tilled, and the weather and pasture favourable, both may be 

 suckled ; in the opposite conditions it may be necessary to remove one. 

 If the Ewe does not yield sullicient milk, this may be largely remedied 

 by giving a liberal supply of good food. 



Multiparous animals, such as the Bitch and Sow, usually lie when 

 suckling their young; so that there is seldom any dilliculty with them. 

 The only care generally required in the case of young Pigs, is to prevent 

 their being crushed by the Sow in the act of lying down or moving. 

 If the litter is large, plenty of good food is necessary. 



It is well to remember that if a Sow has more young in the litter 

 than teats, unless watched the weakest will die of starvation. Each 

 young Pig has its own particular teat, to which it is persistently 

 attached ; and if the creature is ill and does not suck, or if there is 

 not a claimant for the teat, the gland there will cease secreting milk. 

 The pectoral teats and glands are the largest and most active, and the 

 weakest of the litter should be put to them. In general, a Sow should 

 not be allowed to rear more than ten in a litter. Cleanliness and 

 warmth are required for young Pigs. 



Puppies do not require any special care beyond a warm, clean, and 

 dry abode. 



After the first milk has been taken, there is usually an abundant 

 evacuation of black resinous matter — meconium — from the intestines 

 of the young animal, caused by the ' colostrum,' as this milk is named ; 

 and it is well to notice if this evacuation occurs, as when it does not, 

 serious constipation may ensue. With new-born animals which, for 

 some reason or another, are deprived of this colostrum, a nuld laxative 

 — such as castor-oil, or honey or liquorice powder and water— should 

 be administered to obviate this condition. 



At birth the feet of hoofed animals are covered with a soft yellow 

 horn, which in some countries it is the custom to remove, from a 

 belief that this removal hardens the succeeding horn. It is unneces- 

 sary' to state that this is a popular fallacy, and that it is really injurious 

 to deprive the foot of this temporary protection. 



The young, with their parents, should be kept apart from others — 

 for some time at least, and especially the Equine species; and it nmst 

 not be forgotten that a mild dry temperature is most favourable for all 

 young creatures. 



Gentle exercise is as necessary for the Foal and Calf, as it is for their 



