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side, concave on the other. The other end has a wide eyelet as a 

 handle (Fig. -206). 



The section of hones, though not often necessary, is nevertheless 

 sometimes required to be made, and it is found to be no easy matter — 

 with the larger bones especially. For this purpose chisels, saws, and 

 forceps have been proposed and employed. Cartwright has a model of 

 an instrument for slitting up the skin of a limb, which may, on occa- 

 sions, be made useful as a bone-chisel. Including the handle, it is 

 about thirty-two inches in length ; the chisel portion is a little more 

 than two inches long, and one or one and a half inch broad ; only the 

 middle portion at the end is sharp, the two corners, which project a 

 little, being blunt and rounded, as are also the sides (Fig. 207). 



Margrafl's " Stemmeisen," or chisel, is not unlike a joiner's chisel in 

 shape ; the instrument itself is seven or eight inches long, and at its 

 cutting edge (end), which is very sharp, it is one to one and a quarter 

 inch broad. The sides are well rounded, and the instrument gradually 

 tapers as it reaches the handle, into which it is fixed. This handle 

 is a round piece of hard wood about three feet long and about two 

 inches in diameter, with a ferrule at the end into which the chisel 

 is fixed, as in the ordinary carpenter's chisel. The cutting end of the 

 instrument is carried l)y the right or left hand to the part of the fcetus 

 to be incised, while the handle is held by the other hand. The two 

 hands can in this way be employed : that in the uterus guiding the 

 movements of the chisel, while that holding the handle applies the 

 necessary force. This simple instrument has been found most service- 

 able in dividing the vertebra? when the head of the fcetus had to be 

 bisected, dividing the liead, or, in double-headed monstrosities, the two 

 heads ; as well as slitting up the skin. It has been suggested that if 

 the cutting edge were made slightly concave the chisel would be more 

 useful. 



For the same purpose a saw has been proposed. Such an article has 

 been successfully employed when the occasion demanded it, though 

 some authorities consider it to be of little value. Cartwright's saw is 

 figured liere (Fig. 208). The stalk (of iron) is sixteen inclies in length, 

 the saw four inches long, and the handle six inches. The saw-blade 

 should be of the same thickness throughout, the end and back being 

 well-rounded and smooth. 



Sjostedt' draws attention to the value of the ordinary surgical chain- 

 saw, which a veterinary surgeon at Stromsholm (Petersen) had suc- 

 cessfully employed. That which he recommends is about a foot in 

 length, and an inch wide. Each end has a ring to which a cord is 

 attached, and to the cord may be fixed a short, transverse wooden 

 handle (Fig. 209). The chain-saw has the advantage of being perfectly 

 flexible, and can therefore be passed around bones, joints, etc., and the 

 necessary movements performed in cutting through these — by pulling 

 alternately at each cord — without endangering the organs of the mother. 

 One hand of the operator must, of necessity, guide the saw and ascer- 

 tain its progiess. 



Bone-forceps might be used advantageously, but we are not aware 

 that they have been employed in veterinary obstetrics. They should be 

 made with the jaws bent, so that the cutting edge would be concave, 

 and they could be made sufliciently strong in jaws and handles to cut 

 through the largest bones. A screw at the end of the handles would 

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