14 Table of Contents 



4. The Humanistic Standpoint 228 



5. The Recapitulation Theory 231 



Section VI. INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT 233 



1. Stages in the Development of Thought 233 



2. The Old Psychology 236 



3. The New Psychology 238 



4. Original and Borrowed Ideas 242 



5. Origin of Language 243 



6. The Use of Language 248 



CHAPTER III 



SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF PLANT AND ANIMAL FORMS 



Section VII. INTRODUCTORY 250 



i. Naming of Plants and Animals 250 



Section VIII. CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES, FUNCTIONS, AND 



ADAPTATIONS OF PLANTS 252 



1. General Analysis of Flowers 252 



2. Adaptations of Flowers 255 



3. Fertilization of Flowers 255 



4. Fruit 256 



5. Leaves 258 



6. Roots 262 



7. Stems 263 



8. Cells of Plant Tissues 266 



9. Seeds 267 



10. Soils and Germination of Seeds 270 



11. Buds 270 



a. Classification of Plants (Flowering) 272 



b. Classification of Cryptogams (Flowerless) 273 



Section IX. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS 275 



1. METAZOA 275 



2. Subkingdoms and Classes 275 



3. Orders and Genera of Mammals 276 



4. Orders and Genera of Birds 278 



5. Orders and Genera of Reptiles 280 



6. Orders and Genera of Amphibia 280 



7. Orders and Genera of Fishes 281 



8. Orders and Genera of Arachnida 282 



9. Orders and Genera of Insects 282 



10. Orders and Genera of Crustacea 283 



11. Orders and Genera of Mollusks 284 



12. Classes and Orders of Worms 285 



13. Classes and Orders of Ecbinoderms 286 



14. Classes, Orders, and Genera of Ccelenterates .... 288 



15. Orders and Genera of Sponges 287 



1 6. PROTOZOA Classes, Orders, and Genera 288 



