232 Education through Nature 



between the different phases of development in the 

 chick and the grades of organization in that series. 

 Thus he found that, (i) the chick at first resembled a 

 protozoon in that it was a single cell; (2) as develop- 

 ment progressed it assumed the two-layered condition 

 of the hydra or ccelenterate stage; (3) later it became 

 more or less bilaterally symmetrical, but soft-bodied 

 like an oyster; (4) then transverse divisions made their 

 appearance, suggesting the segmentation of worms 

 and arthropods; (5) and, finally, it bore some re- 

 semblance to a fish, an amphibian, a reptile, etc. 

 From these observations it has been concluded that, 

 during embryonic development, higher animals pass 

 through more or less completely all the lower stages, 

 that, in other words, the history of the individual is a 

 repetition or recapitulation of the history of the race 

 of organisms to which it belongs. 



Students of human development were not slow to 

 recognize in the activities of a developing youth some 

 tendencies which recall the various culture epochs of 

 the race. Thus, (i) the infant at first walks on "all 

 fours," and .is apt to take his nourishment wherever 

 he finds it; (2) he often betrays special fondness for 

 straying about idly among natural objects; (3) he is 

 fond of fishing and hunting; (4) he is often fond of 

 pet animals, likes to ride on horseback, and to hitch 

 his dog to a cart; (5) he is often passionately fond of 

 feeling mother earth with bare feet, likes to dig in 

 the soil, plant trees, and drive a team to market; 

 (6) later, he often has a passionate desire to leave 

 these early haunts for the busy life of the large city, 

 etc., precisely as we have seen the race develop from 

 its primitive beginning to the highly complex social 

 life of large social centers. 



The psychologist, too, finds many points of simi- 

 larity between the development of intellectual life in the 

 individual and in the race. Thus, the youth is (i) 



