HISTORY AND PROGRESS. 25 



which has since proved so important in practical telegraphy, 

 was not made use of in any system until some years later. 



32. The next important step towards the perfection of 

 present telegraphy was that made in 1832 by Baron Schilling 

 von Cronstadt. In some of the accounts Of his system we read 

 that it consisted of a certain number of insulated platinum 

 wires united by a silk cord, which set in motion, by means of 

 a sort of piano, five magnetic needles placed in a vertical 

 position within coils of wire. According to other accounts, 

 he employed only one magnetic needle and multiplier, with 

 two leading wires, and was enabled, by means of a combina- 

 tion of the deflections of this needle to the right and left, by 

 changing the poles of the battery at the ends of the two wires, 

 to give all the signals necessary for a complete correspon- 

 dence. His call signal was given by means of an alarm. 

 Schilling executed models of his apparatus, which were ex- 

 hibited before the Emperor Alexander, and still later before 

 Nicholas. He, however, unhappily died before carrying out 

 his invention in practice. The probability is that he sug- 

 gested both the systems of five and single needle instruments ; 

 the latter as an improvement on the former. 



33. We owe to the enterprising genius of Michael Faraday 

 the two discoveries not less important in physics than useful 

 in relation to the telegraph Yolt a- electric induction, and 

 magneto- electricity . 



These were no chance discoveries; and in this they differ 

 from those made by Galvani, who stumbled over his pheno- 

 mena ; they were results of profound consideration ; Faraday 

 anticipated his discoveries before he made them. He says, in 

 his " Experimental Besearches," * " Certain effects of the in- 

 duction of electrical currents have already been recognised and 

 described ; as those of magnetism ; Ampere's experiments 

 of bringing a copper disc near to a flat spiral ; his repetition, 

 with electro-magnets, of Arago's extraordinary experiments, 

 and perhaps a few others. Still it appeared unlikely that 

 these could be all the effects which induction by currents 

 could produce. . . . These considerations, with their conse- 

 * "Experimental Researches in Electricity," 1st series, vol. i. p. 1. 



