CONTENTS 



PART I. BIOLOGY OF THE HIGHER SEED PLANTS 

 SECTION I. PLANTS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 



CHAPTER PAGE 



I. THE RELATIONS OF PLANTS TO THE ENVIRONMENT . . . 3 

 II. THE FORM AND ADJUSTMENTS OF THE PLANT BODY TO 



THE ENVIRONMENT ............. 14 



SECTION II. CELL STRUCTURE AND ANATOMY 



III. THE CELLULAR STRUCTURE OF PLANTS ....... 45 



IV. HISTORICAL SKETCH (TiiE CELL AND THE CELL THEORY) 54 

 V. GROWTH AND CELL DIVISION ..... ...... 60 



VI. THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF STEMS, ROOTS, AND 



LEAVES .......... ....... 83 



SECTION III. PHYSIOLOGY 



VII. NUTRITION AND SEASONAL LIFE OF PLANTS ..... 117 

 VIII. THE RELATION OF PLANTS TO WATER . . ..... 137 



SECTION IV. REPRODUCTION 



IX. VEGETATIVE AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ..... . 154 



X. PLANT BREEDING AND EVOLUTION ......... 174 



XI. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF BOTANY AND THE BIOLOGI- 



CAL SCIENCES ................ 212 



PART II. THE PLANT GROUPS 



XII. THE ALG^ . . ... . . . ......... 219 



XIII. THE FUNGI ....... , . . ....... 242 



XIV. BRYOPHYTES (LIVERWORTS AND MOSSES) ...... 287 



XV. PTERIDOPHYTES (FERNS, EQUISETA, AND CLUB MOSSES) . 297 



XVI. GYMNOSPERMS ................ 321 



XVII. ANGIOSPERMS (DICOTYLEDONS) ..... . . . . . 337 



xi 



