ON THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE MAMMALIA. 189 



and the Seals, is well known to all naturalists ; and we thus return again to 

 die Ferae, from whence we first commenced tracing the circle. 



" The analogies of these orders with the class of birds have been 

 variously stated. That the rapacious quadrupeds represent the rapa- 

 cious birds, is too obvious a fact to be questioned. The Quadrumana, on 

 the same principle, have been rightly compared to the insessorial order of 

 birds ; for both, in their respective classes, are the most highly organized. 

 The Ungulata, the type of which is the ruminating tribe, containing the 

 Oxen, Sheep, and Deer, were compared, by Linnaeus, to the Gallinacea, 

 or poultry ; and the analogy, until very lately, has never been questioned. 

 The Glires, like the grallatorial birds, have the muzzle remarkably 

 lengthened, and, for their size, are the swiftest runners of the whole class ; 

 witness, the Hare, the Rabbit, the Cavy, &c. (See, on the other hand, 

 the opinion of Mr. Vigors, page 134.) Finally, the analogy of the aquatic 

 Cetacea to the feathered swimmers, has been admitted by every one." 



Mr. Swainson's parallel arrangement of the Mammalia and Birds is 

 as follows : 



Orders of Quadrupeds. Typical Characters. Orders of Birds. 



I. Typical group. Qimdrumana. Pre-eminently organized for grasping. Insessores. 



II. Sub-typical group. Ferae. Claws retractile ; carnivorous. Raptores. 



( Cetacea. Pre-eminently aquatic feet, very short. Natatores. 



Glires. Muzzle lengthened and pointed. Grallatores. 



III. Aberrant group. or ^ Meg Qn 



Ungulata. | he ^ d j Rasores.* 



It has been explained, that, according to Mr. Swainson, the contents of 

 each circle are symbolically represented by the contents of all the other 

 circles in the same class of animals. In illustration of this law, are sub- 

 joined the following examples, taken from the work of Mr. Swainson, 

 already quoted : 



Circle, Simiadse ; or, Old- World Monkeys. 



r Grave, intelligent, inoffensive; ty--k ,_ 

 I. Typical group. Simia. j picalofthe j Quadrumana. 



II. Sub-typical group. Cercopithecus. Mischievous, malicious ; Ferae. 



rPapio. Head very large, little or no tail ; Cetacea. 



( Tail comparatively long; hare-) 

 III. Aberrant group. < Macacus. | lipped; | Glires. 



Llnuus. Head conspicuously crested ; Ungulata. 



* The analogies between the hoofed quadrupeds and the Rasores are thus represented (p. 183) : 



Uiisculata. Families of Rasores. 



I. Typical group. Solipedes. Tail excessively long. Pavonidae (Peacock). 



II. Sub-typical group. Ruminantes. Tail very short. Tetraonidae (Grouse).. 



("Anoplotheres. Semi-aquatic. Cracidae (Curassows). 



J Edentates. Jaws prolonged, slender ; feet short. Columbidae (Pigeons). 



III. Aberrant group. < t Size, large; hair or feathers, very 3 Struthionidae (Ostrich, 



^Pachydermes. ^ thin ; skin, thick. Cassowary). 



