MONKEYS OF THE OLD WORLD. 349 



distinct fifth lobe, or division of the tooth. It occurs in the Barbary 

 Ape, in all the Macaques, in the Semnopitheci and the Colobi, and in the 

 White-eyelid and Mangabay Monkeys ; but it is wanting in the true 

 Cercopitheci. The figure (244) will convey a clear idea of the general 

 characters of the dentition of the Simiadae. 



With respect to the digestive organs, it may be observed, that the 

 stomach is simple, as in Man, except in the Semnopitheci, in which this 

 organ is highly complicated. The caecum is moderate, and sacculated, but 

 destitute of the appendix vermiformis, excepting in the Orang, Chim- 

 panzee, and Gibbons, which, in this point, resemble the human subject. 



Of the habits of the Simiadae, in a state of nature, little is correctly 

 known : unfortunately, the observations of most travellers are super- 

 ficial ; and even these have been narrated in a style too exaggerated 

 to enable us to form a just estimate of the degree of intelligence dis- 

 played by these animals in their native condition. Most, if not all, are 

 gregarious ; individuals of the same species associating together in large 

 troops, which act in concert : warned, by the cries either of a leader or 

 sentinels, of the approach of an enemy, they unite in annoying or repel- 

 ling their aggressor, or collectively betake themselves to flight. Among 

 their natural enemies, the Leopard, the Panther, and other feline animals, 

 together with large Serpents, are the most formidable. They do not 

 construct nests,* but it is probable that the females retire to a hollow place, 

 in some aged tree, in which to bring forth their young. They produce 

 one or two at a birth, and manifest the utmost attachment to their 

 offspring. 



When sleeping, the Simiadae sit on their hams, grasping the branch, 

 or perch, with their feet, for security, the arms crossing the front of the 

 chest, and the head bent forward, so as to rest between the knees, which 

 are thus elevated. 



Though there can be no doubt but that a great portion of the 

 celebrity which the Simiadae have obtained, for an apparent possession of 

 superior rationality, may be fairly attributed to the approach which their 

 figure displays to that of Man, still their actions sufficiently prove that, 

 with the superiority of their organization to that of the lower Mammalia, 

 is associated a corresponding ratio of intelligence. A Monkey, foiled in 

 his endeavours to break a nut, by striking it against the floor, or the bars 

 of his enclosure, will take up a stone (using both hands for the purpose), 

 and hammer with it till he succeeds. Even in their frolics and 

 gambols with each other, they often exhibit the most diverting traits of 

 intelligence. 



In the manifestation of their passions, good or evil, the Simiadae are 

 quick and violent in the extreme : both their attention and feelings, how- 



* It appears that the Chimpanzee and Orang form exceptions to this general observation. 



