SIMIAD^. 391 



the vertex this crest divides, and forms an occipital ridge, passing on each 

 side posteriorly to the lambdoidal suture, till it reaches the mastoid ridge. 

 The face increases in breadth by the still farther increase of the zygo- 

 matic arches, and presents, as Dumortier well observes, " les caracteres 

 de 1'abrutissement le plus complet." He adds, also, that the nail of the 

 hinder thumb, which, till now, had existed in a rudimentary condition, 

 completely disappears. 



The preceding observations apply more exclusively to the male. In 

 the female the vertical ridges never coalesce, and are less elevated than in 

 the male ; nor do the zygomatic arches attain to such an enormous degree 

 of magnitude. The female, in short, according to the general laws of 

 sexual development, exhibits, in the skull, the characters of the male on 

 the eve of maturity, but not mature. It may be here remarked that M. 

 Dumortier regards the Pithecus Morio of Prof. Owen, as identical with the 

 Great Orang (P. Satyrus) in its fourth stage ; but he has subsequently 

 conceded this opinion ; and admits that it arose from his never having 

 examined the skull from which Prof. Owen derived his details. To 

 this skull there will again be occasion to allude. The latter anatomist, 

 speaking of the cranium of the Orang, states that, in all the peculiarities 

 independent of the changes consequent upon the second dentition, the skulls 

 of the young and mature animals agree : as for example, in the position 

 and number of the various foramena ; in the contraction of the inter- 

 orbital space ; in the absence of superciliary ridges ; the great breadth and 

 height of the rami of the lower jaw ; and the depth of the symphisis ; 

 together with the totally depressed condition of the nasal bone, which is of 

 an elongated triangular figure, having a ridge along its centre ; and the more 

 anterior aspect of the outer boundary of the orbits than in the Chim- 

 panzee. In the contracted forehead, the flattened occiput, the formidable 

 canines, the huge jaws, the strong, expanded, zygomatic arches, and largely 

 developed cranial crests, the skull of the Orang approximates to that of 

 the Mandrill. In the Mandrill, hftwever, the heavy beetling superciliary 

 ridges, which are wanting in the Orang, give a horribly scowling ex- 

 pression to the hollow sockets, which, orbless though they be, seem as 

 though fraught with revolting malignity. 



But, setting aside the crania, it may be contended that the great Bor- 

 nean and Sumatran Orangs differ in other points ; that is, in external cha- 

 racters ; and that, upon these grounds, a specific distinctiveness may be 

 established. It is presumed to be only in the adult male of the Bornean 

 Orang that the large protuberances of callous flesh occur on the malar 

 bones, which call to mind the Sus larvatus, and give so strange an aspect 

 to the countenance. It should, however, be observed, that the adult male 

 Sumatran Orang remains to be examined ; at least, an opportunity of com- 

 paring the two together, preserved or alive, has not yet occurred. Both 



