THE CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS 53 



grazing, animals, living only on vegetable substances, 

 which they chew and grind. We compare, further, the 

 horse and cow, and find that the horse has front teeth 

 both in the upper and the lower jaw, while the cow has 

 them only in the lower ; and going still farther, and 

 comparing the internal with the external features, we 

 find this arrangement of the teeth in direct relation to 

 the different structure of the stomach in the two ani- 

 mals the cow having a stomach with four pouches, 

 while the horse has a simple stomach. Comparing the 

 cow and deer, we find the digestive apparatus the same 

 in both ; but though both have horns, those of the cow 

 are hollow, and last through life ; while those of the 

 deer are solid, and are shed every year. Looking at 

 the feet, we see that the herbivorous animals are hoofed ; 

 the carnivorous, clawed. The cow and deer have cloven 

 feet, and are ruminants; the horse has a single hoof, 

 and does not chew the cud. The dog and cat walk on 

 the tips of their fingers and toes (digitigrade) ; the bear 

 treads on the palms and soles (plantigrade). The claws of 

 the cat are retractile ; those of the dog and bear are fixed. 

 In this way we determine the exact place of each ani- 

 mal. The dog belongs to the kingdom Animalia, branch 

 Vertebrata, class Mammalia, order Carnivora, family Ca- 

 nida, genus Cants, species familiaris, variety hound (it 

 may be), and its individual name, perhaps, is " Rover." 

 The cat differs in belonging to the family Felida, genus 

 Felis, species domestica. The bear belongs to the family 

 Ursidce, genus Ursus, and species ~horribilis, if the grizzly 

 is meant. The horse, cow, and hog belong to the order 

 Ungulata ; but the horse is of the family Equidcz, genus 

 Equns, species caballus ; the cow is of the family Bovi- 

 da, genus Bos, species tanrus ; the pig is of the family 

 Suidcz, genus Sns, species scrofa, if the domestic pig is 

 meant. 



