288 



COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY 



tively thin and feeble 

 in birds of prey (as the 

 eagle). The gizzard is 

 followed by the intes- 

 tines, which are longer 

 than those of reptiles : 

 the small intestine be- 

 gins with a loop (the 

 duodenum), and is 

 folded several times 

 upon itself ; the large 

 intestine is short and 

 straight, terminating in 

 the sole outlet of the 

 body, the cloaca. A 

 liver and pancreas are 

 always attached to the 

 upper part of the small 

 intestine. 



The alimentary canal 

 in mammals is clearly 

 separated into four dis- 

 tinct cavities : the 

 pharynx, or throat; the 

 esophagus, or gullet ; 

 the stomach ; and the 

 intestines. 



The pharynx is more 

 complicated than in 

 birds. It is a funnel- 



FlG. 249. Digestive Apparatus of 

 Man (diagram): i, tongue; 2, phar- 

 ynx; 3, esophagus; 4, soft palate; 5, larynx; 6, palate; 7, epiglottis; 8, thyroid cartilage; 

 9, beginning of spinal marrow; 10, n, 12, vertebrae, with spinous processes; 13, cardiac 

 orifice of stomach; 14, left end of stomach; 18, pyloric valve; 19, 20, 21, duodenum; 

 22, gall bladder; 27, duct from pancreas; 28, 29, jejunum of intestine; 30, ileum; 34, cce- 

 cum; 36, 37, 38, colon, or large intestine; 40, rectum. 



