THE SKIN AND SKELETON 



359 



FIG. 312. Skeleton of the Tortoise (plastron removed) : a, cervical vertebrae; c, dorsal 

 vertebrae; d, ribs; e, marginal bones of the carapace; /, scapula; k, precoracoid; 

 b, coracoid; f, pelvis; /, femur; g t tibia; h, fibula. 



FIG. 313. Skeleton of a Vulture: i, cranium the parts of which are separable only in 

 the chick; 2, cervical vertebrae; 3, dorsal; 4, coccygeal, or caudal; the lumbar and 

 sacral are consolidated ; 5, ribs ; 6, sternum, or breastbone, extraordinarily developed ; 

 7, furculum, clavicle, or "wishbone"; 8, coracoid; 9, scapula; 10, humerus; u, 

 ulna, with rudimentary radius; 12, metacarpals; 13, phalanges of the great digit of 

 the wing; 19, thumb; 14, pelvis; 15, femur; 16, tibiatarsus and fibula, or cms ; 17, 

 tarsometatarsus ; 18, internal digit, or toe, formed of three phalanges; the middle toe 

 has four phalanges ; the outer, five ; and the back toe, or thumb, two. 



