NOTES 



1 The complete and elaborate natural history of a single species or lim- 

 ited group is called a Monograph, as Darwin's " Monograph of the Cirri- 

 pedia." A Memoir is not so formal or exhaustive, giving mainly original 

 investigations of a special subject, as Owen's " Memoir on the Gorilla." 



2 Before the time of Linnaeus, the ladybug, e.g., was called "the Cocci- 

 nella with red coleopters having seven black spots." He called it Cocci- 

 nella septem-punctata. 



8 Mondino (1315) and Berenger (1518) of Bologna, and Vesalius of 

 Brussels (1543), were the first anatomists. Circulation of the blood dis- 

 covered by Harvey, 1616. The lacteals discovered by Asellius, 1622, and 

 the lymphatics by Rudbek, 1650. Willis made the first minute anatomy 

 of the brain and nerves, 1659. The red blood corpuscles were discovered 

 by Swammerdam, 1658. Infusoria first observed by Leeuwenhoek, 1675; 

 the name given by M tiller, 1786. Swammerdam was the founder of 

 Entomology, 1675. Comparative anatomy was first cultivated by Perrault, 

 Pecquet, Duverney, and Mery, of the Academy of Paris, the latter part 

 of the seventeenth century. Malpighi, the founder of structural anatomy, 

 was the first to demonstrate the structure of the lungs and skin, 1661. 

 About the same time, Ray and Willoughby first classified fishes on struc- 

 tural grounds. Foraminifers were seen by Beccarius one hundred and 

 fifty years ago; but their true structure was not demonstrated till 

 r 835> by Dujardin. Peyssonel published the first elaborate treatise on 

 Corals, 1727. Haller was the first to distinguish between contractility 

 and sensibility, 1739. White blood corpuscles discovered by Hewson in 

 1775. Spallanzani was the first to demonstrate the true nature of the 

 digestive process, 1777. Cuvier and Geoffrey, in 1797, proposed the first 

 natural classification of animals. Before that, all invertebrates were di- 

 vided into insects and worms. Lamarck was the first to study mollusks, 

 1800; before him, attention was confined to the shell. He separated 

 spiders from insects in 1812. The law of correlation enunciated by Cuvier, 

 1826. Von Baer was the founder of Embryology, establishing the doctrine 

 omnia ex ovo, 1827; but the first researches in Reproduction were made 

 by Fabricius about 1600, and by Harvey in 1651. Wolff, in the i8th cen- 

 tury, was the pioneer in observing the phenomena of Development. Sars 

 first observed alternate generation, 1833. Dumeril is considered the 



467 



