MAN 317 



(Homo heidelbergensis) did not have a projecting chin like 

 later races and were primitive in other features. 



During the third interglacial period the flint workers 

 entered Europe and attained a considerable degree of simple 

 culture before the last glaciation again drove them south. 

 These men at first frequented open camping sites in 

 sheltered nooks along the hillsides, where the bones of ani- 

 mals slaughtered for food are found mingled with their primi- 

 tive implements. Later when the climate became cooler 

 they often sought the shelter of caves. Their implements 

 were at first rough fragments of stone (eoliths), but later 

 the stones were chipped to form various shapes (palseo- 

 liths). Little is known of the Piltdown race, except that 

 it existed in eolithic times, but the Neanderthals (Homo 

 neanderthalensis) left numerous remains in various parts 

 of Europe and we have considerable knowledge of their 

 customs. The bones of animals hunted for food are mixed 

 with flints and with their own skeletons around the ancient 

 hearths and give many clues to their habits of life. These 

 men hunted the mammoth, rhinoceros, wild horse, bison, 

 cattle, giant deer, and reindeer. Both flesh and pelts were 

 utilized, and the marrow was sought by splitting all the 

 larger bones. The chase was pursued with spears and 

 darts fitted with flint points; also by means of thro wing- 

 stones. The Neanderthals may have used other means 

 to secure large animals, for their small spears were prob- 

 ably not very effective against the mammoth or rhinoceros. 

 At the end of their culture, bone came to be used somewhat 

 for anvils and implements. The Neanderthals as a race 

 possessed many structural peculiarities the brows were 

 heavy and overhanging; the forehead was low; nose, flat; 

 upper lip, long; arms and shins, short. They became 

 extinct during the fourth glacial period and were suc- 

 ceeded by a race which greatly excelled them in physique 

 and intelligence. 



The Cro-Magnon race, with others of less importance, 

 entered Europe at the end of the fourth glacial period 



