MAN 319 



about 25,000 years ago. These men are placed in the same 

 species (Homo sapiens) as those of modern times; in fact, 

 some are believed to have existed until the fifteenth century 

 in the Canary Islands. They used bone needles, harpoons 

 with recurved teeth, awls, hammers, borers, polishers, and 

 perhaps bows and arrows. They also had considerable 

 artistic ability, engraving on stone, bone, and ivory; 

 sculpturing in stone, bone, and clay; painting on the walls 

 of caverns; and making conventional ornamental figures. 

 There was probably bartering at this time, for shells and 

 other objects from the Mediterranean and Atlantic are 

 found in Central Europe. 



The Cro-Magnon race declined in later palaeolithic 

 times, though some groups persisted, and their descendants 

 are believed to be now living in the region of Dorgodne 

 and in some other places in France. The Old Stone Age 

 (Palaeolithic) lasted until 10,000 B.C.; then four new races 

 invaded Europe, probably from the south and east. The 

 new inhabitants lived more by fishing than hunting, and 

 stag-horn harpoon points replace the older reindeer-horn 

 spear tips in the deposits from this time. Art also declined 

 and paintings were mostly confined to geometric figures 

 on pebbles, which may have had some religious significance. 



In the Neolithic (New Stone) Age polished stone imple- 

 ments succeeded chipped stone and agriculture began, for 

 instruments for the preparation of the soil and the harvest- 

 ing of crops appear in the deposits from this time. The 

 most distinctive feature of the age, however, was the intro- 

 duction of pottery. Art revived, and some of the draw- 

 ings show the dog accompanying man, indicating that it 

 had been domesticated. In the Old Stone Age the horse 

 was commonly eaten, but that practice died out as it came 

 under domestication. Cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs were 

 also domesticated in the Neolithic age. Before the close 

 of this period all the direct ancestors of the modern races 

 of Europe had not only established themselves, but had 

 begun to separate into colonies. 



