320 GENERAL ZOOLOGY 



During the Stone Age, "the rudiments of all modern 

 economic powers of man were developed: the guidance of 

 the hand by the mind, manifested in his creative industry; 

 his inventive faculty; the currency or spread of his inven- 

 tions; the adaptations of means to ends in utensils, in 

 weapons, and in clothing. The same is true of the aesthetic 

 powers, of close observation, of the sense of form, of pro- 

 portion, of symmetry, and the appreciation of beauty 

 of animal form and the beauty of line, color, and form in 

 modelling and sculpture. Finally, the schematic repre- 

 sentation and notation of ideas so far as we can perceive 

 was alphabetic rather than pictographic. The religious 

 sense, the appreciation of some power or powers behind the 

 great phenomena of nature, is evidenced in the reverence 

 for the dead, in burials apparently related to the future 

 existence of the dead, and especially in the mysteries of the 

 art in the caverns." 



HUMAN SOCIETY 



All social relations depend upon mutual toleration and 

 cooperation. Though those of man in part resemble the 

 communities of social insects and vertebrates, which de- 

 pend largely on primitive feeding and sheltering instincts, 

 they have more of reasonings, elf interest and altruistic 

 love. The immediate ancestors of man were doubtless 

 social in habits and probably possessed the power of com- 

 munication by speech. The men of the Stone Age must 

 have hunted together for the cave bear or mammoth and 

 cooperated in the division of the spoils. They helped each 

 other in averting dangers to themselves and their families; 

 they dwelt together in the shelter of caves. Such associa- 

 tion of different types of mind led to the exchange of ideas 

 men were stimulated to equal or excel their companions; 

 improved methods originated by one- were imitated by 

 another. Members of the small .society gained mental 

 discipline and self control because they were obliged to 

 sacrifice their own interests for those of the community. 



