MAN 323 



tion of methods for curing food; the results of agriculture 

 have been multiplied by cultivation and the selection of 

 seeds. Modern economic relations have grown up chiefly 

 through the accumulation and exchange of food products. 

 Even the struggle between capital and labor is the result 

 of primitive instincts to secure, to store up, and to improve 

 the food. In modern civilization food and good living 

 depend upon work or the possession of the results of some- 

 body's lafeor. This has led man to adopt regular habits of 

 life in order to be more effective and thus earn a better 

 living. 



CIVILIZATION 



The Universal Dictionary says: " Civilization consists in 

 what may broadly be called culture in a nation; and a 

 nation may be considered as civilized when a large propor- 

 tion of those belonging to it have their intellectual and 

 moral faculties and all their higher nature in large measure 

 developed and becoming increasingly so with the advance of 

 years. Before this can take place a considerable amount of 

 material prosperity must have been achieved, between 

 which and the culture already described there are continual 

 action and reaction. Regarding progression in material 

 prosperity, certain stages tend to occur: (1) a barbarous 

 one, in which one feeds on roots, fruits, and fishes, when 

 these last can be caught without effort; (2) the state of a 

 hunter; (3) that of the shepherd, in which, to avoid the un- 

 certainty of the result in hunting, wild animals are domes- 

 ticated; (4) the agricultural state; and (5) that of manu- 

 factures and commerce." 



Civilization rests primarily on commerce. In primitive 

 society there is little or no exchange of products; barter 

 depends upon a market for surplus and cannot occur 

 regularly in isolated communities where conditions of life 

 are hard. The Esquimaux tribes, for example, are practi- 

 cally self-sustaining. Civilized nations have gone beyond 

 the exchange of actual products and have money as a 



