HERMAPHRODITISM 135 



any real disturbance of the features of the predominant inversion 

 sex-characterization. Such conditions are known as fromherm- 

 1 Inversions ', and they are common in the minor degrees, aphroditism. 

 in which such phenomena as hair on the face, a coarse 

 skin and other masculine characteristics are seen in 

 women. Moreover, definite states of psychical and 

 physical inversion are not very rare. 



Hermaphroditism may with justice be held to be 

 akin to inversion ; but in partial hermaphroditism 

 the genitalia as well as the secondary characteristics 

 are affected, and this distinction makes a very wide 

 boundary-line between inversion and hermaphroditism 

 from many points of view. 



It must be remembered that hermaphroditism in man Hermaphro- 

 is probably an atavistic phenomenon, and one which is atavism. 8 an 

 never complete. Berry Hart 1 has suggested dropping 

 the word ' hermaphroditism ' and substituting the term 

 ' atypical sexe-ensemble ' for all varieties of this con- 

 dition. This, however, is not desirable for two reasons : 

 first, since hermaphroditism exists normally in certain 

 invertebrates, and is, therefore, probably only a rever- 

 sion when seen in man, the term should be preserved ; 

 and, second, so-called 'true hermaphroditism', better 

 termed ' glandular partial hermaphroditism ', does occur 

 in the human subject, although Berry Hart denies that 

 it has ever been demonstrated. I shall myself describe 

 an example of this anomaly presently. 



The following is a classification of hermaphroditism Classification 

 drawn up to illustrate the forms in which the condition aphroditism 

 occurs normally and abnormally. A consideration of 

 this scheme will also demonstrate the biological 

 significance of the phenomenon. 



With regard to ' total hermaphroditism \ which is 

 only seen in the invertebrates, I shall have little to say, 

 for the subject is a most complicated and extensive one, 

 and still awaits a complete description at the hands of 

 a biologist. 



1 Hart, Berry, Edin. Med. Journ., 1914, New Ser., vol. xiii, p. 295. 



