PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS. 9 



rubies, indigo, and rubber were artificially produced; and 

 universities and technical schools, observing this, began to pay 

 increased, often excessive, attention to applied science and to 

 scientific preparation in every practical department. Moreover, 

 psychological tests of generic or specific efficiency were eagerly, 

 perhaps hastily, utilised by industrial and commercial enterprises. 

 Thus action and reaction between theoretical science, education, 

 and applied science continued until, as at the present day, the 

 three are closely welded together into an integral totality. If, 

 perchance, on the one hand, much remains still to be done 

 to apply science in the economic world, yet, on the other hand, 

 there exists here and there a deplorable tendency to neglect 

 in favour of this the no less fundamental, but more theoretical, 

 aspects. 



Manifestly, there could be no restriction of applied science 

 to the economic life. Criminologists entered on extensive stu- 

 dies of the criminal, his environment, and the means of re- 

 forming or deterring him. Eugenists warmly interested them- 

 selves in the question of how to discourage the increase of 

 the tainted, and encourage the augmentation of the healthy, 

 "stocks" among men and, of course, among animals and plants. 

 Educators busied themselves with child study and psychology 

 in order to elevate the children in accordance with scientific 

 methods. Politicians, with a taste for science, examined the 

 psychology of the crowd or collective man. Hygienists sought 

 to discover the best diet, physical exercise, and clothing, and 

 generally the best methods of keeping the body supple and 

 strong, and, as mental hygienists, the best means of preserving 

 intellectual and moral sanity and virility. And, alas! mainly 

 for aggressive purposes, the armaments of the nations have 

 been, with the aid of science, prodigiously raised in destructive 

 power. It is, therefore, only a question of time that the whole 

 of practical existence from the lowliest material needs to 

 our loftiest aspirations will be moulded and illuminated by 

 scientific insight. We should, in fact, not forget that the uses, 

 application, production, quality, value, desire, liking, love, 

 enjoyment, and preference of phenomena the utilisation of 

 things are but certain aspects of the one Existence. (See 

 the Table of Primary Categories in Conclusion 3.) 



Again. A great science has been evolving during the last 

 quarter of a century whose object it is to replace the tentative 

 rule-of-thumb methods obtaining in industry and commerce by 

 rigidly scientific ones. No longer are haphazard traditions and 

 shortsighted common sense to govern the modes of production 



