10 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS. 



and distribution. Every type of process is to be exhaustively 

 studied in order that it might be reconstructed on scientific 

 principles, ensuring ideal economy in movements, speed, effort, 

 thought, and the like, and products of the highest quality. 

 (See Conclusion 10.) So thorough is this new movement that 

 it is likely not only to revolutionise industry and commerce, 

 but science itself, by standardising universal modes of proce- 

 dure of a startlingly exacting character. 



Lastly. The major and minor arts, whose mission it is to 

 irradiate beauty and joy in the highest as in the humblest 

 spheres, must become part of the infinite empire of the one 

 all-enveloping and all-connecting science, with its single and 

 all-sufficient scientific method. 



Accordingly, the unity of nature must be acknowledged to 

 embrace inanimate and animate existence, including human life 

 in its various aspects ; and a scientific methodology itself 

 one and indivisible (Conclusion 2) has therefore no bound- 

 aries of any kind. The only reservation to be made is that it 

 will be some time yet before the later and latest sciences will 

 be fully worthy of being classed among the "established" 

 sciences. Rome was not built in a day! 1 



Nor should we omit to notice the unity of the historic pro- 

 cess. Contrary to first impressions, we shall find, on closer 

 examination, that the expansion of the province of science is 

 also a natural one, the relative maturity of a lower or less 

 complicated branch of learning creating the possibility of the 

 formation of a slightly higher and more complicated branch of 

 learning. The fierce struggles for recognition by individual dis- 

 ciplines should be therefore regarded as virtual epiphenomena, 

 as being due primarily to the difficulty of settling the justice 

 of claims, no doubt aggravated by neither party adequately 

 appreciating the objective nature of the problem before them. 



1 The attempt has been made to distinguish between science as that 

 which teaches us to know and art as that which teaches us to do. Medicine 

 is thus considered as an art in contradistinction to physiology which, is 

 described as a science. Yet to understand the normal and abnormal work- 

 ings of the organism, and how to prevent and destroy physiological dis- 

 equilibrium, assuredly involves identical methodological processes. The 

 scientific physician may, indeed, manifest a purely theoretical interest in 

 his labours; but even if his interest should be practical, this would merely 

 argue a special direction of scientific activity. The distinction, then, be- 

 tween a science and an art is, at least for the present and the future, me- 

 thodologically a dubious one, and refers to motive and object rather than 

 to mode of procedure. Science might be defined as primarily exact and 

 systematised knowledge as such, and true art as primarily exact and 

 systematised knowledge restricted to practical and idealistic ends. 



