134 PART II. SOME IMPORTANT METHODOLOGICAL TERMS. 



and generally spurious evidence, or lightly to postulate a general 

 truth or law of nature and recklessly to deduce consequences. 

 To-day facts are closely scrutinised, cautiously generalised, and, 

 in this form, utilised for deductive ends. Induction is, there- 

 fore, the process of discovering and proving general propositions 

 which summarise an enquiry, rather than the discovery and proof 

 of generalisations as such. One should even, as we have done, 

 include the process of deduction in the definition, because de- 

 duction, as an integral component of the general process of 



'Induction is a process of cognition involving recognitions. Deduction is a 

 process of recognition involving cognitions." (Ibid., p. 100.) 



"Induction, then, is the reference to reality of a system on the ground 

 of particular differences within it by which reality is taken as qualified." 

 (Bosanquet, Logic, vol. 2, p. 179.) 



"Der Ausdruck Induction wird im eigentlichsten und strengsten Sinne 

 dann gebraucht, wenn von dem Einzelnen, das sich durch Beobachtung fest- 

 stellen lasst, auf das Allgemeine geschlossen wird." (Uberweg, System der 

 Logik, p. 371.) 



"The inductive methods, it is certain, are the most effectual helps to the 

 attainment of new truth, but it is no less certain that they rest entirely on 

 the results of deductive logic." (Lotze, Logic, vol. 2, p. 22.) 



"Induction is the operation by which we pass from the knowledge of 

 facts to those of the laws which rule them." (Lachelier, Du fondement de 

 {'induction, Paris, 1896, p. 3.) 



"The process of induction [is] the method of obtaining universal pro- 

 positions from particular perceptions." (Sigwart, Logic, vol. 2, p. 288.) 



"Nach dem Grad der Allgemeinheit . . . konnen wir nun drei Stufen der 

 Induction unterscheiden : (1) Die Auffindung empirischer Gesetze; (2) die 

 Verbindung einzelner empirischer Gesetze zu allgemeineren Erfahrungs- 

 gesetzen; endlich (3) die Ableitung von Kausalgesetzen und die logische 

 Begrundung der Tatsachen." (Wundt, Logik, vol. 2, p. 25.) 



"Inductive logic aims at understanding and classifying the methods of 

 the sciences." (Mellone, Introductory Text- book of Logic, 1905, p. 245.) 



"The essential steps in the inductive method are: (1) The formation of a 

 hypothesis suggested by a first observation of facts. (2) The deduction of 

 the consequences of this hypothesis. (3) The testing of these consequences 

 by a careful analysis of phenomena. (4) The consequent exact definition 

 of the hypothesis, which then, as expressing the true universal nature ot 

 reality, is verified and received as an established theory or law." (James 

 Welton, A Manual of Logic, vol. 2, p. 60.) 



"Induction may be defined as the legitimate inference of the unknown 

 from the known. . . . Induction is not only an inference of the unknown 

 from the known; but, in virtue of that fact, of the general from the parti- 

 cular." (Thomas Fowler, Logic, Deductive and Inductive, vol. 2, pp. 9-10.) 



"Die Induction ist nicht der Weg zu den nothwendigen Wahrheiten, sondern 

 der Weg zu der Verbindung der nothwendigen Wahrheiten mit den zufalligen 

 Wahrheiten." (E. F. Apelt, Die Theorie der Induction, 1854, p. 56.) 



(See also A. C. Mukerji, A Text-Book of Inductive Logic, 1914 ; E. L. Haw- 

 kins, The Oxford Handbook of Logic, Deductive and Inductive, J.913; A. K. 

 Trivedi, Studies in Inductive Logic, 1914; A. C. Mitra, The Principles of Logic, 

 Deductive and Inductive, 2 vols., 1912; A. Subrahmanyam, Logic, Inductive 

 and Deductive, 1911 ; ,T. Dastets, Logic, Inductive and Deductive, 1905 ; J. Coffey. 

 The Science of Logic, 2 vols., 1912 ; W. R. Boyce Gibson, The Problem of 

 Logic, 1908; Paul Natorp, Die logischen Grundlagen der exacten Wissen- 

 schaften, 1910; A. Gratry, Logique, 2 vols., 1868; W. Minto, Logic, Inductive 

 and Deductive, 1893 ; J. Welton, Groundwork of Logic, 1917 ; Carveth Read, 

 Logic, Deductive and Inductive, 1906.) 



