SKCTION 20 STUDIES PREPARATORY TO ALL INVESTIGATIONS. 177 



8. CLASSIFICATION, or Precise methodical classification of the pheno- 

 mena observed, and placing the classes thus formed under a more com- 

 prehensive category; 



9. POSITION, or Precise comparative position of phenomenon within 

 class or classes, and precise comparison of the parts of related wholes ; 



10. DIFFERENTIA, or Precise leading, major, and minor individual, 

 class, and other differentiae of phenomenon (the ascertainment of the 

 leading differentiae is the primary object of most investigations) ; 



11. DETAILS, or Precise secondary aspects or details of phenomenon 

 of interest in the enquiry; 



12. VALUE, or Precise value and quality (hygienic, economic, moral, 

 aesthetic, philosophical, scientific, . . .) of phenomenon ; 



13. UTILISATION, or Precise utilisation, application, and reproduction 

 of phenomenon in all spheres of life; 



14. APPRECIATION, or Precise appreciation (desire, liking, preference, 

 love, and enjoyment, and their opposites) of phenomenon; 



15. DESCRIPTION, or Precise nomenclature, terminology, definitions, 

 formulas, statements, tables, diagrams, and reports in connection with 

 the phenomenon. 



Compressed, and evidently incomplete, as the immediately 

 preceding statements are, they ought nevertheless to throw a 

 blaze of light on the path which the investigator has resolved 

 to travel on. They should second him in the arduous task of 

 ascertaining everything material to his enquiry and of prevent- 

 ing his overlooking anything of moment. At present short- 

 sighted tradition and fumbling practice are his guides, supple- 

 mented by his own narrow experience and the imperfect criti- 

 cisms of others. However, such subserviency to the mercy of 

 chance is to be deprecated. Methodological pioneers should 

 have preceded him and made his progress as rapid as circum- 

 stances permitted. It is the very essence of cultural advance 

 that the obscure shall be illuminated, and that established facts 

 and methods shall be collected, methodised, and placed within 

 the easy reach of all. Nor does the tentativeness of the list 

 prepared seriously matter, for the inquirer must be expected 

 to expand and supplement the statements, as far at least as 

 his subject of enquiry is concerned. 



(2) MODAL ASPECTS. Slightly arbitrary as any division 

 must be, it may nevertheless lay claim to certain advantages. 

 This apparently applies to the division of the Primary Cate- 

 gories into Material and Modal Aspects, for it enables us to 

 separate what is mainly material from what is mainly modal. 

 The Modal Aspects are: 



1. Quantity. 



2. Time. 



3. Space. 



4. Consciousness. 



5. Degree. 



6. State. 



7. Change. 



8. Personal Equation. 



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