SECTION 20. STUDIES PREPARATORY TO ALL INVESTIGATIONS. 205 



(n) The aiming at neatness (or clearness), conspicuousness, 

 and distinctness (or decided separateness), in every type of 

 mental and physical task, as favouring speed. 



(o) The application of a trained intelligence to the expedi- 

 tious solution of difficulties. 



(p) Having instruments and materials, of -an appropriate and 

 sterling character and in good condition, always ready to hand, 

 and having products systematically removed. 



(q) Proper co-ordination, and hearty co-operation and collabo- 

 ration, of individuals, groups, and departments, engaged oh a 

 particular task or related tasks. 



(r) The keeping down of fatigue to a level consistent with 

 the maintenance of a uniformly high hourly and daily average 

 speed. (See 7.) 



(s) The establishment of an absolute and an average time 

 standard for a task and for parts thereof, and strict adherence 

 thereto. 



(t) The provision for a periodical re-adaptation and improve- 

 ment of standards. 



7. ECONOMY OF EFFORT AND FATIGUE IN MOVE- 

 MENTS. The theoretical aim should be to complete the move- 

 ments necessary for an operation with the expenditure of an 

 infinitesimal degree of effort and with a negligible amount of 

 fatigue. 



(a) The determination of the average maximum effort practi- 

 cable for normal and exceptional individuals and circumstances. 



(b) The elimination of superfluous exertions. 



(c) The increase of exertions, where needed, to the maximum 

 limit consistent with hygienic or quickly removed fatigue- 

 that is, fatigue which does not reduce quantity or quality of 

 work, which does not leave the individual very tired after 

 working hours, and which permits of complete recuperation 

 by the following morning. 



(d) The determination of the maximum average exertion 

 consistent with hygienic or quickly removed fatigue. 



(e) The distribution of exertions over several organs and in 

 the least fatiguing order. 



(/) The allocation of movements to organs and muscles best 

 able to produce them with least effort and least fatigue. 



(g) The introduction, wherever practicable, of rhythms in 

 movements. 



(/z) Methodical practice to raise the individual's power and 

 endurance. 



(z) The elimination of unnecessary fatiguing movements (ex- 

 cluding, as far as practicable, bending, stooping, turning, twist- 

 ing, and extended arm work). 



(j) The encouragement of a bearing and gait, as well as of 

 bodily proportions, and also of garments, conducive to maximum 

 exertion and minimum fatigue. 



