214 PART IV. PREPARATORY STAGE. 



carrying 480 men on board, including merchants and other 

 officials, in order to establish the East India Company. The 

 Commodore upon his own ship had arranged for a regular issue 

 of lemon juice, three tablespoonfuls daily, to all hands, and four 

 months later, when the flotilla reached the Cape, his men were 

 all in good health. On the other three ships, however, the seamen 

 were so severely attacked by scurvy that the passengers had 

 to work as common seamen. In all 105 men died from scurvy 

 during the voyage, and when Bombay was finally reached the 

 entire work of unloading had to be performed by the crew of 

 the Commodore's ship." (Ibid., pp. 57-58.) 



Thus a glaring lack of co-operation, of learning by the experi- 

 ence of others, has in this as in so many other cases been highly 

 prejudicial to the welfare and progress of mankind. 



In the more highly developed sciences, where it is customary 

 to consult colleagues and to submit from time to time for public 

 criticism provisional results obtained in an enquiry, we are ap- 

 proaching the co-operative ideal, and the future will presumably 

 know little of scientific work not undertaken and executed in 

 collaboration. How this is to be accomplished, we cannot pro- 

 fitably discuss here; but why should there not be instituted 

 international bureaus for each branch of science, each bureau 

 publishing in an international or in an internationalised language 

 a periodical, a standard primer, and elementary and advanced 

 text-books to be used internationally ; and why should there not 

 be formed, besides intermediate bureaus embracing a complete 

 science and groups of sciences (physics, biology, etc.), a central 

 bureau of science connecting these and issuing a magazine and 

 standard primers of science akin to Huxley's Introductory and 

 Paul Bert's First Year of Scientific Knowledge, and one or more 

 advanced manuals? 



At the same time the conditions of co-operation must be 

 respected. For those, for example, who concern themselves 

 with the cultural sciences, to co-operate as Prof. Small in his 

 inspiring The Meaning of Social Science proposes in ascertaining 

 the dynamic factors involved in a particular historical event, 

 would be, in our judgment, futile in most cases at present, 

 because feebly developed sciences applied in conjunction to one 

 complex problem would only augment the prevalent confusion. 

 However, as the stores of reliable knowledge grow through the 

 ages, such co-operation not only becomes practicable, but is 

 practised on an imposing scale. We have to no small extent 

 already reached this stage. 



Co-operation in research work, incredible as it may seem to many, is 

 becoming a reality in industry and commerce. Owing chiefly to govern- 

 mental initiative and assistance, Research Associations are being formed 

 by the leading industries in England. Added to this, researches of all- 

 national importance are conducted by special governmental committees ; 

 and there is the brightest prospect of English effort being linked with 

 the efforts of other nations in the same direction. The condition for a 



