SECTION 20 STUDIES PREPARATORY TO ALL INVESTIGATIONS. 219 



(g) EXPERIMENT. By gradually and proportionately with- 

 drawing from, and also bestowing on, individuals or groups of 

 different races, educational, economic, social, and other ad- 

 vantages or disadvantages, do we find, as a consequence, that 

 the races do or do not differ substantially or appreciably in 

 intelligence, morals, or practical capacity? Or, What is the 

 effect of an excellent upbringing and schooling on members of 

 a race supposedly very backward and of corresponding neglect 

 on members of a race supposedly very advanced, or of the 

 same good or bad nurture on the several races? 



(h) MODALITY. What is the precise distribution and posi- 

 tion in space and time of each race and civilisation ? What are 

 the numbers and the divisions of each race and the intensity 

 of influence of every part of each civilisation on the others? 

 What of the precise pure, average, casual, momentary, time- 

 produced, environment-produced, transitional, exceptional, ab- 

 normal, perfect, and imperfect states of each race and civili- 

 sation? What do we learn by examining the evolution, origin, 

 history, development, influence, and transformation or dissolu- 

 tion of each alleged race and its civilisation? What of the 

 precise degree of more or less permanent idiosyncrasy, ab- 

 normality, mental confusion, ignorance, error, prejudice, and 

 deception of the inquirer and of those who have previously 

 ventured on statements concerning the subject? 



(/) DIALECTICS. What is revealed to us by searching for 

 facts possibly contradictory, contrary, opposite, etc., to those 

 alleged to exist in or between races or divisions of races in 

 respect of moral, intellectual, and practical superiority? 



(/) COMPARISON. What appears to be the degree of the 

 resemblance or difference of the compared races and their 

 component parts, if we observe them under profusely varied 

 conditions of space and time including conditions most similar 

 and dissimilar? Or, Are there any or many white peoples or 

 individuals on the same plane as, or on a lower or higher 

 plane than, non- white peoples or individuals? (Note, so far as 

 features are concerned, preponderating resemblance of Austra- 

 lian, Ainu, Dravidian, and Veddas, to Caucasians.) Are there 

 any or many non-white peoples or individuals on the same 

 plane as, or on a lower or higher plane than, white peoples 

 or individuals? 



Finally, following the first table of the Primary Categories, 

 we ask : What are the material aspects the precise Elementals, 

 Constituents, Form, Dependence, Action, Cause, Resemblances, 

 Classification, Position, Differentiae, Details, etc., suggested by 

 a circumspect preliminary investigation embracing the process 

 of observation? 



