SECTION 22. OBSERVATION. 279 



strain, stress, motion, momentum, friction, vibration, light, 

 magnetism, electricity, heat, chemical affinity, diverse kinds of 

 rays, potential and kinetic energy, surrounding objects, moisture, 

 floating particles and diffused gases, the atmosphere and its 

 constituents, movement and pressure, impurities, and the need 

 for isolation, are circumstances almost never left out of account 

 in physical investigations. In cultural enquiries the standard 

 should not be less exacting. Latitude, longitude, general climatic 

 conditions, elevation and configuration of locality, soil, sub-soil, 

 mineral wealth, proximity to other localities and countries small 

 and large, and to plain, mountain, forest, sea, lakes, ponds, 

 streams, or navigable or other rivers, underground water, do- 

 mesticated and wild animals, cultivated and uncultivated plants, 

 temperature, light, purity and moisture of the atmosphere, 

 food, drinking water, fuels, sanitation and hygiene, habitations, 

 garments, free disease germs and diseases-carrying insects and 

 animals, size of community, language, race, and national affi- 

 nities, sex, age, family life, customs, morals, religions, economic 

 status, social position and differentiation, social and associational 

 life, friendship, means of communication, economic conditions, 

 resources, and development, occupations and recreations, state 

 of land exploitation and land laws, fisheries and navigation, 

 government and political liberties and parties, laws, militarism 

 and navalism, local administration, history, home, school, vo- 

 cational, and self-education, sciences and- arts, museums and 

 galleries, national, vocational, family, and personal ideals, love 

 of progress, etc., etc., should all be always respected in any 

 serious social study. 1 Furthermore, (2) where artificial experi- 

 ment cannot be applied, Nature's experiment should be heeded, 

 as revealed in history, in different countries, in apparent excep- 

 tions, and in the effects of intermixture and intercommunication. 

 140. (D) Influence of Time and of Position in Space and 

 Mind. It is also of consequence to allow for a fourth aspect, 

 alluded to already in the immediately preceding Sub-Conclusion. 

 Seeing the general uniformity obtaining in nature, we confound 

 the moment with eternity, the here with the there, and omit 

 to notice, for instance, that 



"In the Spring a fuller crimson comes upon the robin's breast; 

 In the Spring the wanton lapwing gets himself another crest"; 



whilst as for the wagtail, "he is black and white all over in 

 summer, with white cheeks and forehead, and black chin and 



1 The American paper, System, published the following comprehensive 

 list of qualities to be taken note of in industry and commerce: "business 

 knowledge, technical knowledge, tact, reliability, perception, resource, manners, 

 foresight, energy, memory, pertinacity, accuracy, method, self-reliance, ini- 

 tiative, self-assertion, discipline, persuasiveness, education, temperance, punctu- 

 ality, morality". (Quoted from E. Waxweiler, Esquisse d'une sociologie, 1906, 

 p. 204.) Full lists would be invaluable in every subject e. g., the demands 

 of labour, the claims of capital. Endless disputations, due to lack of com- 

 prehensiveness, might be thus averted. 



