316 PART V. WORKING STAGE. 



from the market and of credits by banks; governmental absorption of 

 bank credits; over-production; ca' canny; eight hour day; millions of 

 people killed in war and by influenza epidemic; lower vitality of workers 

 generally, owing to malnutrition and want generally; large masses of 

 totally and partially disabled; large numbers nervously and physically 

 injured during the war without being "disabled"; lower proportion of 

 the physically fit, through the physically unfit having been rejected by 

 the recruiting officers; decrease in the proportion of skilled workers and 

 managers, and decrease in skill through the diminution of apprenticeship 

 and technical classes during the war; decrease in intelligence through 

 inferior education or no education during the war; many more widows 

 with children and many more children proportionately; smaller total 

 population, more especially in respect of workers (there being proportion- 

 ately many more "families" without wage earners than before the war); 

 younger workers (between 20 and 30) reduced in excessive proportion; 

 general and deep dissatisfaction of workers, leading to negative interest 

 in work and to consequent reduced output; uncertainty among manufac- 

 turers and merchants, leading to decrease of enterprise; and exploitation 

 by certain countries of the necessities of other countries. 



156. (B) SEARCH FOR UNLIKE FA CTS. Given a certain 

 topic of enquiry, say that of the function of government, we 

 commence by searching as much for unlike facts and generalisa- 

 tions as for like ones. Our only concern is to exhaust all the 

 material facts, partly because such knowledge may aid us later 

 in obtaining generalisations by the detection of certain under- 

 lying intrinsic similarities in different classes of facts, and 

 partly because it is, in any case, desirable to be acquainted 

 with important facts. 



In agreement with this, we require accurate and numerous 

 means to assist us in securing a variety of details, generalisa- 

 tions, and deductions. If, for instance, the sense of touch pre- 

 supposes immediate contact with objects, we may ask ourselves 

 whether the other senses also require immediate contact. Should 

 we discover that each sense has a separate means of coming 

 into contact with reality, this would equally constitute a positive 

 result. Or if we apply Conclusion 28, and obtain as regards 

 related classes of facts contrary or contradictory results, these 

 also may claim to possess positive value. Or we can utilise 

 the method of contrast. If certain factors actively assist a 

 process, we may seek for such as actively impede it. Or if 

 we find one means employed in one connection, we may look 

 for different means in this and in disparate connections. Or, 

 to take a specific example, if we find beef-fat to contain fat- 

 soluble A, we should be prepared to discover that lard is 

 devoid of it. In other words, we apply Conclusions 27 and 28, 

 and whatever other apposite Conclusions we have reached, not 

 only to abstract higher generalities, but sheer differences. The 

 first step, therefore, in every portion of an investigation ob- 

 serving, generalising, deducingmust be to reacH the utmost 

 variety within a given unity, and the second step should be 

 to prove the existence of the greatest unity within the given 

 variety. 



