356 PART V. WORKING STAGE. 



Conclusion bids us keep our eyes wide open, prepared for 

 encountering resemblances in the most unexpected haunts. The 

 present Sub-Conclusion may be also utilised for arriving at the 

 largest number of independent propositions within any topic 

 (see Conclusion 22), and should be utilised for the supremely 

 important object of connecting one science with another, and 

 passing from theory to practice and from pure to applied science, 

 backwards and forwards. 



CONCLUSION 28. 



Need of Proceeding Dialectically, /. e., need of Searching in con- 

 nection with any Conclusion for what is Contradictory, Contrary, 

 Opposite, Common, Disparate, Dependent, Interdependent, Sup- 

 plementary, Alternative, Complementary, and Relative. 



180. (a) CONTRADICTORY. For the purpose of checking, 

 verifying, or extending our generalisations, we should be ever 

 actively seeking the Contradictory, or the negativing of the 

 conclusion which we have provisionally or finally arrived at. 

 This being our goal, we must be eagerly watching for facts 

 which should aid us in placing the short particle "not" before 

 the predicate of the proposition which we have reached. 1 E.g., 

 we convert the proposition "All men are born depraved" into 

 the other "All men are not born depraved", and examine into 

 the truth of the formally modified statement. Or when we meet 

 the assertion that senile decay as such is due to arterial sclerosis, 

 we reflect that sundry living beings have no arteries and yet 

 are subject to senile decay. Thus also reflexes cannot be de- 

 pendent on nerves as such since tropisms exist among animals 

 which have no nerves ; unequal density in gases can be proved 

 to be unnecessary for diffusion by connecting together two 

 vessels containing gases having the same density, and noting 

 the result; vegetable oils and lard may be inferred to be in- 

 ferior in nutritive value to milk, cream, butter, and cod-liver 



He sums up his reasoning in the following sentence: "Whatever systems 

 of organs be studied, the comparison of their modifications in the ape series 

 leads to one and the same result that the structural differences which 

 separate Man from the Gorilla and the Chimpanzee are not so great as those 

 which separate the Gorilla from the lower Apes". (Man's Place in Nature, 

 1909, p. 71.) 



1 Chinese moral philosophy illustrates the different views relating to 

 man's moral nature. Confucius and Mencius held that man is born good. 

 Kao declared that righteousness can only be got out of man if we train 

 him properly. Hsun Tzu argued that the nature of man at birth is positively 

 evil. Yang Hsiung contended that the nature of man at birth is neither 

 wholly good nor wholly evil, but a mixture of both. Yan Han Yu asserted 

 that the nature of man is not uniform, but is divided into three grades 

 namely, highest, middle, and lowest. (Herbert A. Giles, The Civilisation of 

 China, 1911.) To this we might add that only the perfect truly satisfies 

 man, but that he may nevertheless be drilled into indifference or hostility 

 to the good. 



