360 PART V. WORKING STAGE. 



the solitary wasp, for instance, is not less remarkable in its 

 'instincts' than the social wasp. If the social parrot is an 

 advanced bird, the social duck and many other social birds 

 compare unfavourably with the solitary birds. If the beaver has 

 a remarkably complex activity (in which, however, we detect 

 no intelligence), the social deer or buffalo has not. The highest 

 non-human animal, the anthropoid ape, is not a social animal; in 

 fact, the more socially inclined gibbon or gorilla is less intelligent 

 than the less socially inclined chimpanzee or orang." (Joseph 

 McCabe, The Principles of Evolution, 1913, p. 66.) In the same 

 way with protective colouring: "In regard to the Arctic animals 

 we find that dark animals are more common than white. Of the 

 Arctic mammals three are perpetually white, five changing with 

 the season, and ten are coloured ; the birds show about the same 

 proportion. This objection might be weakened, perhaps, by a 

 more precise indication which of these animals are settled, or 

 have long been settled, in regions of perpetual snow, by setting 

 aside the aquatic mammals (walrus, whale, etc.), and by studying 

 the value of protection in each case. Yet a difficulty remains 

 when we find that only one goose out of many in the Arctic zone 

 is white, one seal out of many in the Antarctic is white, and the 

 Arctic fox is both white, coloured, and variable in different 

 species." (Ibid., p. 119.) Or if we sarcastically expatiate on 

 the ambitions, foibles, or masterfulness of a competitor, we may 

 profitably ask ourselves how far we see our own reflection in his 

 feelings and actions. Again, blankets preserve heat as well as 

 cold, and exposure acts similarly on hot and cold objects. 



184. (/) and (g) DEPENDENCE AND INTERDEPEND- 

 ENCE. }? acts tacitly conceived of as independent, should be 

 tested in regard to whether they are dependent on one another,, 

 as growth on the accessory food factors, or mother's milk on 

 the food eaten by the mother; and, if dependent, as to which 

 is cause and which is effect. 



Furthermore, series of facts should be also studied with a 

 view to ascertaining whether they are interdependent as in 

 double stars; in the gaseous laws of Boyle, Dalton, and Gay- 

 Lussac ; in the relation of temperature to pressure ; in the lique- 

 faction of gases; in seemingly unrelated neighbouring plants; 

 or in the main aspects of mind. 



185. (h) SUPPLEMENTARY. We should, of course, beware 

 of positing one cause or fact when research might reveal a 

 number. 155 deals specifically with this problem of en- 

 deavouring to supplement what is given. Thus our patent foods 

 are said to be seriously deficient in the three accessory food 

 factors ; metals are, generally speaking, lustrous, ductile, malle- 

 able, insoluble, fusible, and conduct electricity ; the alpha, beta, 

 and gamma "forms of radiation render gases electrically con- 

 ductive, excite luminescence or fluorescence in certain sub- 

 stances, change the colour of glass, convert oxygen into ozone 



