SECTION 26 DEDUCTION. 373 



life, are proved to be non-ethical or unethical. Nor is that 

 species of co-operation which entails antagonism to any one, 

 consonant with the plain meaning of co-operation. Furthermore, 

 since the term co-operation is restricted by no adjective, co- 

 operation should take place, as far as possible, between the 

 whole of mankind, and we need to aim at it in the family, in 

 economics and politics, in international affairs, in art and science, 

 and in daily life. Again, if co-operation is to be effective, 

 there should be, supplementary to an acquired fixed habit of 

 co-operation, the desire to co-operate, and if this is to exist, 

 co-operation must be capable, inter alia, of satisfying human 

 nature, both as to the object which it is to minister to and as 

 to itself. Since co-operation, moreover, represents by hypo- 

 thesis an irresistible historic growth or tendency, it can only 

 be alleged to prevail unchallenged when and where human 

 solidarity is completely established and rooted. Towards this 

 end men press since they desire co-operation, and so far as our 

 state of society falls short of the solidarity of mankind, so far 

 is it removed from the termination of the historic process. 

 However, since co-operation forms a historic growth, we shall 

 not be always able to act in conformity with our final ideal 

 as conceived to-day, though we should seek to satisfy it as far 

 as we can. Once more, since co-operation is a progressive 

 pan-human product, it follows that (a) as individuals we depend 

 primarily on the conclusions which mankind has arrived at, 

 and not primarily on our own experience and reasoning; hence 

 (b) our thought and character are determined by our cultural 

 environment primarily; consequently (c) we should aim at a 

 co-operatively developed science of methodology and ethics, 

 for of ourselves we know and effect virtually nothing; (d) we 

 should promote co-operation or ethical advance in all depart- 

 ments of life; and (e) we should, since the individual is far 

 from self-sufficient, be broad-minded, modest, and eager to learn 

 and serve, whilst putting forth the most strenuous efforts and 

 striving after the greatest originality in order to contribute our 

 full share to the common stock. Again, the definition implies 

 that co-operation should also constitute the characteristic method 

 of the inner life, and that a personal, social, and pan-human 

 life-ideal should replace action decided by more or less moment- 

 ary impulses and desires. Finally, by co-operation we mean 

 both (a) working together directly and (b) working together 

 indirectly, e.g., (1) writing a book in collaboration, and (2) dis- 

 seminating the ideas contained in a book written by some 

 one else. 



197. Hypotheses used to play a large part in the gene- 

 ralising process, that is, a man trusted that by reflecting over 

 a few facts known or surmised concerning a subject, the master 

 fact or facts would present themselves to his mind. This pro- 

 cedure is frequently indulged in in all walks of life, and, of 



