380 PART V. WORKING STAGE. 



Examining our deduced propositions again, we notice that 

 external circumstances play a vital part in the moral position 

 occupied by an individual, etc., for if moral culture is a pan- 

 human product, it must be absorbed from the environment 

 through some form of learning. These circumstances, we may 

 broadly define, following a classification already at hand, as 

 (a) individual circumstances, (6) special social circumstances 

 (e. g., the section of society specially interested in moral culture), 

 (c) general social circumstances, and (d) special and general 

 contemporary moral and social circumstances insofar as they 

 affect the individual, etc., directly or indirectly. 



Should we be desirous of a fuller analysis of the factor of 

 circumstance, we bring to our aid the ampler list of the environ- 

 mental conditions contained in 139. 



1. To understand the moral position occupied by an indivi- 

 dual, etc., we should study the respective cultural effects of 

 the above conditions. 



2. In proportion as the external circumstances are improved 

 or the reverse, so the moral position occupied by an indivi- 

 dual, etc., is improved or the reverse. 



3. If we desire, and if it is our duty, to raise the moral 

 position occupied by an individual, etc., we should improve 

 the apposite external circumstances. 



Having fairly exhausted the implications of the term "culture", 

 we turn to the term "pan-human", and develop the implications 

 as in the former case. 



From our above examination we conclude that just as ob- 

 servation and generalisation can be methodically pursued, so 

 may deduction. There is no necessity to wait for inspiration, 

 for accident, or for need, before deducing the implications of 

 a proposition,^ and when accident or need raises a problem 

 connected with deduction, the new methodology requires that 

 the investigation shall be conducted, as far as possible, in 

 agreement with far-reaching canons which ensure the most 

 satisfactory and most exhaustive treatment a treatment which, 

 like that involved in generalisation, leads to deductions which 

 are graded, comprehensive, important, numerous, full, rational 

 and relevant, original, automatically initiated, and methodically 

 developed. 



201. Deduction also occupies an important place in inter- 

 preting facts. The physician may admonish his patient: "Do 

 not cough more than you can help." Such an injunction may 

 serve its immediate purpose. If, however, he said, "Do not 

 encourage coughing; it may develop into a habit", his patient 

 would be helped to infer how he should act whenever he suf- 

 fered from a cough. If, finally, the physician had declared: 

 "Actions tend to become habits; gently resist the tendency to 

 cough", his' patient would possess a guide for life in countless 

 contingencies. The superiority of deduction 'for explanatory 



