78 PTERYLOGRAPHY. 



4. TANAGRHLE. 



All the members of this group that I have been able to examine agree precisely in their 

 pterylosis. They have eighteen remiges, of which nine are on the hand. The saddle is an acute- 

 angled rhombus, and the outer branch of the pectoral tract stands off a little at the end. The 

 temporal space appears to be wanting in them. 



1. Pardalotus punctatus. First three remiges equal and longest. 



2. Euphone rujiventris. First primary somewhat shorter; second, third, and fourth the 

 longest. E. diademata TEMM., PL Col, 243 : first primary much abbreviated ; the second 

 moderate ; the third, fourth, and fifth the longest. 



3. Tanagra. Second, third, and fourth primaries usually the longest ; sometimes the third, 

 fourth, and fifth. I have examined T. missisippensis, T. cyanistcrna LESS., T. vittata, T. cory- 

 phcea, T. leveriana (SetJiylm Cuv.), T. arclticpiscopm, and others. 



5. FRINGILLID^E sen CONIROSTRES, Cuv. 



This group approaches the preceding very closely in its pterylosis, having a simple rhombic 

 saddle, a pectoral branch scarcely separated at its extremity, and eighteen remiges, of which nine 

 are on the hand. Only the Larks (Alaud<e) sometimes possess nineteen or even twenty remiges, 

 and an ephippial space, which, however, is not possessed by A. bifasciata TEMM., PI. CoL, 393, 

 and this bird is otherwise very peculiar in several respects. I find in it a simple elongated 

 saddle, perfectly different from the acute-angled primary type of the other Larks. I have 

 examined the following species of this family : 



1. Alauda arvensis, cristata, arborea, and alpestris, have a large ephippial space, and, except 

 the last, ten primaries ; A. alpestris has only nine. The ephippial space is very small in 

 A. frontalis and A. melanoceplala, each of which distinctly possesses ten primaries. Lastly, 

 A. bifasciata has no ephippial space, but ten primaries. 



2. Emberiza lapponica, nivalis, miliaria, citrineJla, scJtceniclus, hortulana, and da, present 

 nothing remarkable or peculiar. 



3. Frinffil'a. I have examined all the indigenous species, including the Pyrrhula, and found 

 nothing peculiar in them ; I have even distinctly seen the temporal space in several species, as for 

 instance, Pyrrli. enucleator. Among the exotic species F. erythrophthalma (Emberiza WILS., 

 Pipilo VIEILL.) has attracted my notice by its unusually abbreviated first primary; as has also 

 F. malacca (Loxia LATH.), by the presence of nineteen remiges, of which the first is extremely 

 small. In all the second, third, or fourth primary is usually the longest, although but little 

 exceeding the neighbouring ones, and even the first. 



4. PJtyMoma. I have only been able to examine stuffed specimens of this genus, and there- 

 fore do not know its pterylosis. In the wings I found eighteen remiges, of which the first is 

 very perceptibly abbreviated, and about equal to the eighth ; but the second is a little shorter than 

 the third, which is the longest. The tarsi have the usual half-bands in front, but behind they 

 are covered with small scales. 



