XIV 



CONTENTS OF 



Page 



Alleged mention of Ceylon in the Sa- 

 maritan Pentateuch . (.note") 551 

 Onesicritus's account . . 5o2 

 Megasthenes' description . . . 5o2 

 ^Elian's account borrowed from Me- 

 gasthenes . . . (<e)552 

 Ceylon known to the Phoenicians and 



to the Egyptians . . (note) 552 

 Hippalus discovers the monsoons _ . 553 

 Effect of this discovery on Indian 



trade 554 



Pliny's account of Ceylon . . . 555 

 Story of Jambulua by Diodorus Si- 

 culus .... (note) 556 



Embassy from Ceylon to Claudius . 556 

 Narrative of Rachias, and its expla- 

 nation .... (note) 557 



Lake Megisba, a tank . . . 557 

 Early intercourse with China . .558 

 The Veddaha described by Pliny . 558 

 Interval between Pliny and Ptolemy 558 

 Ptolemy's account of Ceylon . . 559 

 Explanation of his errors . (note) 559 

 Ptolemy discriminates bays from es- 

 tuaries .... (note) 559 



Identification of Ptolemy's names . 560 

 His map ...... 560 



His sources of information . .561 

 Agathemerus, Marcianus of Heraclea 562 

 Cosmas Indicopleustes . . . 562 

 Palladius St. Ambrosius . (note) 5C2 

 State of Ceylon when Cosmas wrote 563 

 Its commerce at that period . . 563 

 In the hands of Arabs and Persians . 564 

 Ce3 r lon as described b.y Cosmas . 565 

 Story of his informant Sopater . . 566 

 Translation of Cosmas . . . 567 

 The gems and other productions of 



Ceylon " a gaou " . (note) 567 

 Meaning of the term "Hyacinth'' 



(note) 568 



The great ruby of Ceylon, its history 

 traced .... (note) 568 



Cosmas corroborated by the Periplus 570 

 Horses imported from Persia . . 570 

 Export of elephants .... 570 



Note on Sanchoniathon . . .571 



CHAP. II. 



INDIAN, ARABIAN, AND PERSIAN 

 AUTHORITIES. 



Absurd errors of the Hindus re- 

 garding Ceylon .... 578 

 Their dread of Ceylon as the abode of 



demons 578 



Rise of the Mahometan power . . 579 

 Persians and Arabs trade to India . 579 

 Story in Beladory of the first invasion 

 of India by the Mahometans (text 



and note) 580 



Character of the Arabian geographers 581 

 Their superiority over the Greeks . 581 

 Greek Paradoxical literature . . 582 

 A.IJ. 851. The two Mahometans . 583 

 Their account of Ceylon . . . 583 



Adam's Peak 583 



Obsequies of a king .... 584 



Page 



. 684 



Councils on religion and history 



Toleration 585 



Cannathic monument at Colombo 



(note) 585 



Gaffe, the seat of ancient trade . . 586 

 Claim of Mantotte disproved . . 587 

 Greek fire . . . . (note) 588 

 " Kalah " is Galle . . . .589 

 The Maharaja of Zabedj held posses- 

 sion of Galle 589 



Evidence of this in the Garsharsp- 



Namah 590 



Derivation of " Galle " (text and note) 591 

 Aversion of the Singhalese to com- 

 merce 592 



Identification of the modern Veddahs 



with the ancient Singhalese . . 593 

 Their singular habits, as described by 

 Robert Knox, Ribeyro, and Va"- 



lentyn 593 



ByAlbyrouni 593 



By Palladius 593 



By Fa Hian 594 



By the Chinese writers (note) 594 



By Pliny 594 



For this reason the coast only known 



to strangers ..... 595 

 Arabian authors who describe Ceylon 595 

 Albateny and Massoudi : . .595 

 Tabari .... (note) 595 

 Sindbad the Sailor . . . .596 



Edrisi 597 



Kazwini 598 



Cinnamon, no mention of . . . 599 

 Was cinnamon a native of Ceylon ? . 599 

 No mention by Singhalese authors . 600 

 No mention of by Latin writers . .600 

 The Regio Cinnamomifera was in Af- 

 rica .... (note) 600 

 No mention by Arabs or Persians 600 

 First noticed in Ceylon by Ibn Ba- 



tuta 601 



By Nicola di Conti . (note) 601 



Ibn Batuta describes Ceylon . . 604 



His Travels 605 



CHAP. III. 



CEYLON AS KNOWN TO THE CHINESE. 



Early Chinese trade with Ceylon . 607 

 Early Chinese travellers in India . 607 

 Chinese translations of M. S. Julien . 608 

 List of Chinese authors relating to 



Ceylon .... (note) COS 

 Their errors as to its form and site . 609 

 Their account of Adam's Peak and its 



gems C09 



Chinese names for Ceylon . . .610 

 Curious habit of its traders . .611 

 They describe the two races, Tamils 



and Singhalese . . . .611 

 Origin of the cotton " Comboy " .612 

 Costume of Ceylon . . . .612 



Early commerce 613 



Works for irrigation noticed . . 613 

 Island of Junk-Ceylon . . .614 

 Galle resorted to by Chinese ships . 614 



