298 



JUDGING FARM ANIMALS 



udder. After leaving the udder the veins pass along on 

 the surface of the belly until they disappear through open- 

 ings known as "milk wells" in the belly wall, and connect 

 with other veins leading to the heart. 



The physical composition of the udder has an important 

 relationship to form and production. It consists of two 

 glands which lie horizontally side by side, separated by a 

 layer of tissue which assists in supporting them. These 



glands are distinctly separate 

 from each other. This may be 

 noted by examining the under 

 side of the udder, where the 

 groove separating them is to be 

 seen. Each gland ordinarily has 

 two teats. Through the medium 

 of a teat milk is drawn from 

 what is usually termed a ' * quar- 

 ter " of the udder. As the glands 

 are independent of each other, 

 so also are the quarters. This 

 Dr. Bitting clearly proved at 

 Purdue University Experiment 

 Station, when he injected dif- 

 ferent colored liquid tallow in 

 adjoining quarters, showing that 

 blue never passed over into red, 

 or vice versa. A cross section of 

 the two quarters always showed 

 a clear mark of separation be- 

 tween them. This independence 

 of the quarters is often demon- 

 strated, in a practical way, by 



the dairyman who, for some reasons, draws bloody milk 

 from one quarter, while from the adjoining one of the 

 same side apparently perfect milk is drawn. Cows also 

 suffer from garget in one quarter, while the other three 

 milk freely and appear perfectly healthy. This gland con- 



Fig. 165. "Dissecting an ud- 

 der we find that it is somewhat 

 spongy of texture, pinkish- 

 white in color, and full of many 

 holes or canals, much like a 

 sponge." (Courtesy Dr. S. Sis- 

 son. From The Anatomy of the 

 Domestic Animals, 1914, p. 608. ) 



