JUDGING THE DAIRY TYPE OF CATTLE 307 



3% inches, thickness in keeping with length, hanging per- 

 pendicular and not tapering." The teats of the cow vary 

 greatly in form and position. They range from short, 

 small ones, very hard to grasp, rather often seen on Ayr- 

 shire and Jersey, to long, big ones, especially seen on 

 Holstein and Red Polled cattle, that more than fill the 

 largest hand. Such teats are undesirable enough for hand 

 milking, but the growing use of the milking machine adds 

 to the necessity of having cylindrical teats of medium size, 

 well suited either to hands or the cups of the machine. 

 Another undesirable feature of the teat is enlargement of 

 its upper part, caused by a weakening of the wall of the 

 udder above. Judges should give more attention to the 

 character and usefulness of the teats, discriminating espe- 

 cially against those that are short or defective. The pres- 

 ence of extra teats that are small and unproductive some- 

 times occurs. These have been assumed to indicate su- 

 perior mammary development, but we have no evidence to 

 that effect. Some breeders remove these extra teats, cut- 

 ting them off during calf age before they assume too great 

 a size. Cows with sore teats that cannot be handled by the 

 judge, should not be shown. On several occasions the author 

 has seen cows in the show ring, the teats and udders of 

 which were affected with cow pox. Such cases should be 

 barred from the show grounds. 



The milk veins, as has previously been stated, convey 

 the blood from the udder along the belly toward the heart. 

 Not much is actually known regarding the relationship of 

 these veins to milk production. Some years ago Dr. King, 

 of Maine, stated that the size of the vein was not a true indica- 

 tion of its blood-carrying capacity, some veins having thicker 

 walls than others, and the blood flow being more rapid in 

 some cows than others. More recently, Prof. R. R. Graves, 

 of the Oregon Experiment Station, has been conducting 

 experiments on the relation of the vein to milk flow. In 

 a letter to the author, of June 2, 1916, he states that he 

 tied the veins of a Holstein cow producing about 45 pounds 



