JUDGING DUAL-PURPOSE CATTLE 353 



having beautiful large udders. These same cows would not 

 have looked out of place in a standard Shorthorn cow 

 class, yet the two judges regarded them as the best dual- 

 purpose animals in the ring, and their judgment met very 

 general approval. At the International Live Stock Exposi- 

 tion at Chicago, in the milking Shorthorn classes, the most 

 successful winning cows have shown considerable size and 

 beefy character, and yet have had large udders. The judge 

 must not be misled to favor the so-called dual-purpose 

 type, where dairy conformation and lack of flesh prevail. 

 The frame should be smoothly covered with flesh, yet not 

 fat, exemplifying beef type and its possibilities. The ten- 

 dency of dual-purpose bulls is to be too short and compact. 

 Some of the finest examples of this type of bulls, that were 

 notable sires, showed great length, were only medium thick 

 of withers and thighs, and had somewhat too much length 

 of leg. 



Scales of points for dual-purpose type cattle may be 

 found in those for bulls and cows adopted in 1907 by the 

 Eed Polled Cattle Club of America. From these the fol- 

 lowing quotations are made, in order to set forth certain 

 features of the official standards relative to this type: 



Cow. 



Points 



Head, of medium length, etc 6 



Neck, of medium length, clean cut and straight from head to top of 



shoulder, with inclination to arch when fattened, and often showing 



folds of loose skin underneath when in milking form 3 



Shoulder, of medium thickness and smoothly laid 6 



Chest, broad and deep, brisket prominent 10 



Back and ribs: back medium long, moderately wide, spring of ribs 



starting from backbone giving a rounding appearance, with ribs flat 



and fairly wide apart 14 



Hips, wide, well covered 3 



Quarters, of good length, thighs wide, roomy, not too meaty 6 



Legs, short, straight 3 



Fore udder, full and flexible, reaching well forward, extending down 



level with hind udder 10 



Hind udder, full and well up behind 10 



Teats, well placed, wide apart, and of reasonably good size 4 



Milk veins, of medium size, full, flexible, extending well forward, milk 



wells of medium size 6 



General description Medium wedge form, low set, top and bottom 



lines straight except at flank, weight 1,300 to 1,500 Ibs. when 



mature. 



