Ill the piu" the ;d;ind in (he cardiac end are few and small, while 

 toward the p\ lorns they arc abundant and lar^e. 



A similar division of I he stomach into a cardiac (receptive) and a 

 p\ loric (digestive) parl. foreshadowing the complex slomach of riiini 

 naiiK is seen in I he common nil, in which these t \\ d i\ i. ion ,; of the 

 .stomach are distinguished, nol only by the characlers of (heir lining 

 membrane, but also Iry a well marked constriction. 



In birds the function of mastication is performed bv the stomach (^'i/- 



/ard) which in grauivoroUH orders, c.</. the conn i fo\\l, pos.-es.es \er\ 



powerful muscular \\allsand a dense horny epithelium. 



Structure. Tim stomach is composed of four coats, called respeo- 



ti\elv an external or (I) /H'i'i/oin ,> . I ') nuixrnltu\ (i5) sH/inmrtm*. and 

 (I) mucous Milt \ with blood ve ids, l\ mphatics, and nerves d i ! nbiilc.l m 

 and bet ween them. 



(1) The fn'i-ilniinil coat. IIM ' rucluiv of serous membrane in veil 



era! (p. :>l'.l). (I) The iiuisculitr coal consists of Mirce separate la\e|'80r 

 . which, according to their several directions, are named the 



ilmlinal, eiivnlar. and ohli(|iu). The faiujit utliiHtl set are the most 

 superficial: Miey are cont inuoiis wilh the longitudinal libre.s of t he o-: oph 



. and spread out in a. dmTviii" manner uverlhe cardiac end and 

 'omach. They extend as far a:- 1 he p\ lorn; 1 , heinn especial I \ 

 distinct at the lesser or Upper Clir\alnrc of the slomaeh, alonv \\hieli 

 they PM ';d si roii" bands. The next set are I he rircnhir or tritH*- 



wrM' fibres, which more or less completely encircle all parts of the 

 stomach; they are most abundant at. 1 he middle MI id in I he p\ lorn- port ion 

 of the .!; MII. and form the chief parl. of t he t hiek projecting ring of the 

 pylorus. These tibi-es are not, simple circles, but, form double or figure 

 of S loops, t be fibre-: i 1 1 1 c i' . (( i IIM; very obliquely. The next, and con 



lently deepest set, of fibres, are the oblique, continuous with the < n 



cular miisr-nlar fibres of the oesophagus, and having the same double- 



lo.i|iei| ai Taiiycment . 1 luj.l, prevails in the pi-ecediiiL 1 : layer: they are eom- 

 p;irati\el\ few in number, and are placed only at the cardiac orifice and 

 portion of 1 he slomach, over both surfaces of which Ihev are spread, ;ome 



'.hlii|iiel\ from left to rij-ht, others from ri^ht to left, around the 

 'anliae (.rilice, to which, by llu-ir interlacing, they form a kind of 



sphincter, continuous with that around the h.wor end of the oosoplu^iiH. 



The muscular fibres of i he t omach and of t he intestinal canal arc tin sin 

 "/''/. l.'ciiij on.iraled, spindle-shaped libre-cell . 



( ;! ) and ( I) The mucous membrane of tin st<imach, which rests upon a. 



I:')'-!' of loo'e cellular membrane, or xulniiiicoiis tissue, is smooth, Ic-vc'l, 

 soft, and velvety; of a pale pink color during life, and in the contracted 

 Btate thrown info numerous-, ehiell\ longitudinal, b'ld or ru^e, \\hich 



disappear when the organ Is di tended. 



fhe basis of the mucous membrane is a. film connective tissue, which 

 loscly in structure to adenoid tissue; this tissue supports the 

 \'oi, I. 1(J. 



