112 USES OF PLANTS BY INDIANS [eth. ann. 33 



In addition to these two forms, the Pawnee, as said before, recog- 

 nize and name two otiier forms. All these four forms are included in 

 our ta.Nonomy under the name Monarda fistulosa. The two remain- 

 ing; forms, affording to the Pawnee classification and nomenclature, 

 are /W.iw taw I rut and pamkaha. The latter name, paraknha, sig- 

 nifies "fragrant": tmkus fawirat, "shot many times still fighting" 

 (tsakuti, shot many times; tawirat, still fighting). In the order of 

 decreasing desirability for fragrance the Pawnee classify the four 

 forms in this onler: paraJcafui, fsaku.s tawtraf, tsostu, and t.susahfu, 

 whifii last name, meaning ill smelling, shows that it is undesirable, 

 according to their suspectibilities, for this purjwse. One or more of 

 the other forms may often l)e found wherever the last, tsiisahtii, the 

 fonmion type form of Monarda fsiulosa, is found. The Pawnee 

 chara<'terize them thus: tsumhtu, with stiff strong stems; tsostu, with 

 weaker stems and smaller leaves; the next two with weak stems, the 

 most fragrant one, parakafia, with stems " as weak as straw." But 

 they also find differences in the roots, and they say these must be com- 

 pared in order to make identification certain. 



The differences noted by the Indians among these varieties, if we 

 may be allowed to call them varieties, are fixed and hereditary and 

 not accidental or dependent on season or situation. Of this I am 

 assured by my own experience with living specimens of the two 

 forms designated by the Dakota KcHaka fa pezhuta and waRpe 

 u'a><hteinna. I have transplanted specimens of these two forms from 

 the wild state and have had them under oliservation at all seasons for 

 five years. I have also noted these two forms in the wild state stand- 

 ing in close proximity to each other. 



I give this extended discussion because I have found taxonomists 

 reluctant to admit the possibility of this distinction: at the same 

 time they did not put it to the proof. 

 TTf.oeoma iiispida Pursh. Eough Pennyroyal. 



Maka rhhika (Dakota). 



An infusion of the leaves was used as a remedy for colds. It was 

 used also as a flavor and tonic appetizer in diet for the sick. 

 Mentha caxadensis L. Wild Mint. 



Chiaka. (Dakota). 



Pezhe imhtho" (Omaha-Ponca), "fragrant herb" (nuitTu)'', fra- 

 grant). 



Kahts-kiwahaaru (Pawnee) ; " swamp medicine " {kahfs, from 

 kahtsu, medicine; kiwakaaru, swamp). 



Wild mint was used by all the tribes as a carminative, for this 

 purjjose being steeped in wa+er for the patient to drink and sweetened 

 with sugar. Sometimes this infusion was used as a beverage, like 

 tea, not alone for its medicinal property but for its pleasing aromatic 

 flavor. 



