114 USES OF PLANTS BY INDUNS [eth. ANN 33 



fr.„n other tribes to tl.e north, who are still growing it. From an old 

 man, Long Bear, of tlie llidatsa tribe in North Dakota, who was then 

 ::{ years old. T obtained specimens and seed in 1908, by which I was 

 »bi;. to determine the species. I planted the seed and have had it 

 growing evei-v year since. The plant, when full grown, is only about 

 m cm. or TO .•m'. in height. It is very hardy and of quick maturity, so 

 that rii.e seed will be found in about CO or 6.3 days after coming up, 

 and fruit bearing continues till frost comes. 



.\ccording to Xuttall, Xkotiana qiuulrivcaris was cultivated by all 

 the tribes along the Missouri. • 



A Pawnee informant said that his people in the old time prepared 

 the ground for planting this tobacco by gathering a quantity of dried 

 grass, which was burned where the patch was to be sown. This kept 

 the ground clear of weeds, so that nothing grew except the tobacco 

 which was planted. The crop was allowed to grow thick, and then 

 the whole plant— leaves, unripe fruit capsules, and the tender, small 

 parts of the stems— was dried for smoking. The unripe seed capsules, 

 dried sejiarately. were specially prized for smoking on account of the 

 flavor, pronounced by the Indians to be like the flavor now found in 

 the imi)orted Turkish tobacco. 



A Winnei)ago informant told me that his people prepared the to- 

 bacco by picking off the leaves and laying them out to dry. Next day 

 the partially dry leaves, limp and somewhat viscid, were rolled like 

 tea leaves and again laid to dry. When fully dry the leaves were 

 rubbed fine and stored away. In this finished state the tobacco looks 

 somewhat like gunpowder tea. The Indians said it was of very 

 pleasant odor for smoldng. The species of tobacco which was culti- 

 vated by the Winnebago, as well as the other tribes of the eastern 

 woodland region, was Nicotiana rustlca L. It appears that this 

 species was cultivated by all the tribes from the Mississippi River 

 eastward to the Atlantic Ocean. It is said that the woodland tribes 

 eagerly accepted ]irosonts of prepared tobacco of the species Nirotiana 

 (jwulrii\dris from the tribes of the plains region and sought to obtain 

 seed of the same, but the plains tribes jealously guarded against 

 allowing the seed to be exported to their woodland neighbors. 



SrKOPnUL.\RI.\CE.4E 



Pentstemox GiiANDiFLORus Xutt. Wild Fox-glovc. 



.\ Pawnee informant said that he uses this plant as a remedy for 

 chills and fever, but it is not of common knowledge and use. The 

 preparation is a decoction of the leaves, taken internally. 



' Pickering, Chronological History o( Plants, p. 741. 



